什么是种族
原本是体质人类学(physical anthropology)惯用的字汇,指称一种人类的分支,他们共同具有族裔相传的体质特质,且是足以明显辨认的独特人类类型,例如高加索人(Caucasoid)、蒙古人(Mongoloid)、黑人(Negroid)等。但现在此一字汇已不太具有科学意义,随着老旧的分类方法(例如头发形式、体格指标)渐被淘汰,取而代之的是DNA比较分析法和基因频率,以及一些相关系数,像是血型检定(blood typing)、氨基酸分泌、先天酵素缺陷(inherited enzyme deficiencies)等。在今天,所有人类的基因都被发现是极为相似,因此大部分研究者都已放弃种族的概念,而改用连群(cline)的概念,意指沿着一条环境或地理转化线而产生的渐变式系列差异。这其实是反映了新的认知,承认人类族群永远处於流动的状态,而基因是恒常地由一个基因库流到另一个基因库,只会受限於生理界限和生态界线。然而族群的相对孤立,确实保存了基因的差异,也使得人群在一段长时期中,可以拥有最强的能力去适应气候和疾病;因此现存的族群完全是基因“混合”(mixed),但他们之间的差异其实并不能将他们进行简单分类。今天“种族”这个字汇基本上是社会学的名词,使拥有相同外在体质特徵及文化历史共同性的群体能自我确认。亦请参阅climatic adaptation, human、ethnic group、racism。
race
Term once commonly used in physical anthropology to denote a division of humankind possessing traits that are transmissible by descent and sufficient to characterize it as a distinct human type (e.g., Caucasoid, Mongoloid, Negroid). Today the term has little scientific standing, as older methods of differentiation, including hair form and body measurement, have given way to the comparative analysis of DNA and gene frequencies relating to such factors as blood typing, the excretion of amino acids, and inherited enzyme deficiencies. Because all human populations today are extremely similar genetically, most researchers have abandoned the concept of race for the concept of the cline, a graded series of differences occurring along a line of environmental or geographical transition. This reflects the recognition that human populations have always been in a state of flux, with genes constantly flowing from one gene pool to another, impeded only by physical or ecological boundaries. While relative isolation does preserve genetic differences and allow populations to maximally adapt to climatic and disease factors over long periods of time, all groups currently existing are thoroughly “mixed” genetically, and such differences as still exist do not lend themselves to simple typologizing. “Race” is today primarily a sociological designation, identifying a class sharing some outward physical characteristics and some commonalities of culture and history. See also climatic adaptation, ethnic group, racism.
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择地而蹈是什么意思?
意思是:选择地方行走。形容做事小心谨慎。成语名字:择地而蹈成语发音:zédìérdǎo成语解释:选择地方行走。形容做事小心谨慎。成语出处:《史记·伯夷列传》:“或择地而蹈之,时然后出言,行不由径,非公正不发愤。”成语繁体:擇地而蹈感情色彩:中性成语成语用法:作谓语、定...
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鲁卫之政是什么意思?
意思是:语出《论语·子路》:“鲁卫之政,兄弟也。”鲁是周朝周公的封国,卫是周公之弟康叔的封国,两国的政治情况也像兄弟一样差不多。因以比喻情况相同或相似。成语名字:鲁卫之政成语发音:lǔwèizhīzhèng成语解释:语出《论语·子路》:“鲁卫之政,兄弟也。”鲁是周朝周...
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掩人耳目是什么意思?
意思是:掩:遮盖。堵住人家耳朵;遮着人家的眼睛。比喻用假象迷惑;欺骗人。成语名字:掩人耳目成语发音:yǎnréněrmù成语解释:掩:遮盖。堵住人家耳朵;遮着人家的眼睛。比喻用假象迷惑;欺骗人。成语出处:《新刊大宋宣和遗事》:“事迹显然,虽欲掩人之耳目,不可得也。”常用程度...
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牛蹄之涔是什么意思?
意思是:涔:雨水。牛蹄印中的积水。形容水量极少。也比喻处在不能有所作为的境地。成语名字:牛蹄之涔成语发音:niútízhīcén成语解释:涔:雨水。牛蹄印中的积水。形容水量极少。也比喻处在不能有所作为的境地。成语出处:《淮南子汜论训》:“夫牛蹄之涔,不能生鳣鲔。”...