什么是形上学
哲学的分支,其目的在於确定事物的真实本质,确定存在物的意义、结构和原理。在西方哲学史上,对形上学有四种看法:一、是对存在物(如精神和物质)的探求;二、是一种“实在”的科学,与“表象”相反;三、是对世界整体的研究;四、是第一原理(或本体)的理论。形上学的字面意义是“物理学之後”,曾被用於指亚里斯多德着作中亚里斯多德自称的“第一哲学”那部分。亚里斯多德已为哲学家区分了两种任务:研究自然界以及存在於自然界和理性世界的特性,以及探求“存在”以及不动的物质、“不动的行动者”的特点。前一条组成“第二哲学”,主要在他的《物理学》中论述;第二条也叫做“神学”(因为上帝是不动的行动者),在其着作《形上学》中有论述。
metaphysics
Branch of philosophy whose object is to determine the real nature of things, to determine the meaning, structure, and principles of whatever is insofar as it is. In the history of Western philosophy, metaphysics has been understood as: (1) an inquiry into what sorts or basic kinds of things (e.g., the mental and the physical) exist; (2) the science of reality, as opposed to appearance; (3) the study of the world as a whole; and (4) a theory of first principles. The term means literally “what comes after physics,” and was used to refer to the contents of Aristotle's treatise on what he himself called “first philosophy.” Aristotle had distinguished two tasks for the philosopher: to investigate the nature and properties of what exists in the natural, or sensible, world, and to explore the characteristics of “being as such” and inquire into the character of “the substance that is free from movement,” the unmoved mover. The first constituted “second philosophy” and was carried out primarily in his Physics; the second, which he also called “theology” (because God was the unmoved mover), is discussed in his Metaphysics.
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什么是杀虫药中毒
杀虫药进入人体引起的中毒。杀虫药是来自植物或人工合成用以杀灭农业害虫和卫生害虫的有机化合物。因为杀虫药对农业增产的效果十分显著,对控制多种传播传染病的媒介昆虫又非常有效,已成为城乡人民生产和生活的心需品。除剧毒杀虫药能引起人、畜中毒外,一些低毒杀...
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什么是环境污染
自然的或人为的原因使某些化学的、物理的、生物的有害因素带入人类赖以生存的空气、水、土壤和食物等环境中的现象。人的生活环境中有着各种污染源,污染物质从各种污染源排出,通过人的呼吸、饮食,使人体健康和精神状态受到直接或间接的、近期和远期的(遗传的)不利影...
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什么是工效学
研究人-机器设备-工作环境系统中三者之间关系使之达到协调和统一的一门综合性实用学科。研究的目的是使各种作业的生产方式、操作方法和劳动休息制度适合于人的身体条件和要求,保证人在工作中的安全、健康和舒适,使人不仅在短时间内有效地工作,而且在长时期内也不致...
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什么是祛风除湿
运用祛风湿的药物治疗湿气在表或风湿客于经脉的治法。风与湿合邪,侵袭人之体表,则卫气受遏,营卫之气不和,临床表现为头痛头重,腰脊重痛或不能转侧,恶寒微热,舌白脉缓之症;侵袭人之经脉,则经络不畅,气血运行发生障碍,就会导致肌肉、筋骨、关节疼痛、麻木、屈伸不利等证。祛...