什麼是獅子山
正式名稱獅子山共和國(Republic of Sierra Leone)
非洲西部國家。面積71,740平方公里。人口5,427,000(2001)。首都︰自由城。獅子山約有十八個族群;其中以門德人和滕內人最多。語言︰英語(官方語)、克里奧爾語(衍生自英語和多種非語)。宗教︰伊斯蘭教、傳統的泛靈論宗教和基督教。貨幣︰利昂(Le)。獅子山全境分四個地理區:沿海沼澤地區;獅子山半島為林木茂密的山區,從海岸沼澤地升起;內陸平原,包括草原和林木茂密起伏不平的丘陵;東部高原地區,包括數條山脈。森林佔土地總面積的1/4以上。野生動物有黑猩猩、虎貓、鱷魚以及多種鳥類。經濟主要以農業和採礦業為基礎。米、木薯、咖啡、可可和油棕櫚為主要農作物。礦產有鑽石、鐵礦石和鋁土礦。為軍人政權統治,該政權於1997年中止憲法。國家元首暨政府首腦為總統。
最早的居民可能是布隆姆人。15世紀,門德人和滕內人到達獅子山。葡萄牙人於15世紀來到沿海地區,至1495年,在今自由城的所在地已有一個葡萄牙要塞。歐洲船隻定期停泊在當地沿海,從事奴隸和象牙貿易。17世紀英國人在近海島嶼建立了貿易站。1787年,英國的廢奴主義者和博愛主義者建立了自由城,作為獲得自由和逃亡奴隸的立身之地。1896年,該地區成為英國保護地。1961年,獲得獨立。1971年成為共和國。20世紀後期為政治和經濟混亂時期,發生幾次軍事政權力圖獨攬大權。聯合國和平部隊在此駐紮,但對阻止流血和暴力活動起不了作用。
Sierra Leone
Nation, western Africa. Area: 27,699 sq mi (71,740 sq km). Population (1997 est.): 4,424,000. Capital: Freetown. The Mende and Temne are the largest of about 18 ethnic groups. Languages: English (official), Krio (derived from English and a variety of African languages). Religions: Islam, traditional animist beliefs, Christianity. Currency: leone. Sierra Leone has four physical regions: the coastal swamp; the Sierra Leone Peninsula, with thickly wooded mountains that rise from the swamps; the interior plains, consisting of grasslands and rolling wooded country; and the eastern plateau region, encompassing several mountains. More than one-fourth of the country is forest. Wildlife includes chimpanzees, tigers, crocodiles, and many species of birds. The economy is based largely on agriculture and mining; rice, cassava, coffee, cacao, and oil palm are major crops, and diamonds, iron ore, and bauxite are mined. It is ruled by a military regime which suspended the constitution in 1997; its usual head of state and government is the president. Its earliest inhabitants were probably the Buloms; the Mende and Temne peoples arrived in the 15th century. The coastal region was visited by the Portuguese in the 15th century, and by 1495 there was a Portuguese fort on the site of modern Freetown. European ships visited the coast regularly to trade for slaves and ivory, and the English built trading posts on offshore islands in the 17th century. British abolitionists and philanthropists founded Freetown in 1787 as a private venture for freed and runaway slaves. In 1808 the coastal settlement became a British colony. The region became a British protectorate in 1896. It achieved independence in 1961 and became a republic in 1971. It was marked by political and economic turmoil in the late 20th century as successive military regimes tried to assume power. U.N. peacekeeping forces were stationed there, but were ineffectual in preventing bloodletting and atrocities.
-
什麼是洪水預報
根據洪水形成和運動的規律,利用過去和現時水文氣象資料,預測未來一定時段內的洪水情況。是水文預報中最重要的內容。一次洪水過程約數小時至數天,預見期較短,故常稱短期洪水預報。洪水預報包括河道洪水預報、流域洪水預報、水庫洪水預報等。主要預報專案有最高洪水...
-
什麼是組織水平決策
根據一定的組織目標判斷和選擇組織管理方案的過程。它是管理工作的重要方面,是包含個體、群體和組織等各種因素的複雜過程。它包括4個主要階段:搜尋環境條件;創造、制定和分析可能採取的行動方案;選擇特定的行動方案;對已作的選擇進行評價。對於組織水平決策的研究...
-
什麼是土壤地帶性學說
認為土壤的發生、發展和分佈,在生物因素為主導的諸成土因素綜合影響下,呈現與氣候帶相適應的地帶性現象。表現為成土過程、土壤性狀與各自然地理要素之間存在著相互聯絡和制約。不論風化殼型別,礦物質的遷移和轉化,有機質的分解、合成和累積,以及物質的淋溶和澱積等...
-
什麼是巖體人工改造
改變巖體的組成成分或巖體結構、巖體賦存環境,以達到工程活動目的的措施。巖體改造的目標有兩個方面:其一是強化或加固巖體,增強巖體的自穩能力。如為了提高隧道穩定性而用錨固、灌漿或解除安裝環等技術對巖體結構或圍巖中應力狀態進行的改造。其二是弱化巖體,增加巖...