什么是经济恐慌
经济学名词,指继市场崩溃後随之而来的银行大批倒闭、股票狂热投机的金融大混乱,或是经济危机所引起的或是预感危机到来的恐慌情绪。“恐慌”一词仅指金融市场强烈骚动的阶段,并不延伸到经济周期(参阅depression和recession)中整个下降时期。19世纪以前,经济起伏主要是与货物短缺、市场扩大和投机有关(参阅South Sea Bubble)。在19和20世纪工业化社会恐慌已反映出发达的经济日益增长的复杂性及其不稳定性的变化特点。1857年美国的经济恐慌是由於铁路部门不支付其到期债券以及铁路证券下跌而引起的。此次金融恐慌後果严重,它不仅导致多家银行倒闭,美国失业人数急遽增加,还给欧洲的金融市场带来恐慌。又如1873年恐慌,起源於维也纳和纽约的金融危机,它代表着全世界经济紧缩的开端。最严重的一次经济恐慌始於1929年美国的股市崩盘。亦请参阅Great Depression。
panic
In economics, a severe financial disturbance, such as widespread bank failures, feverish stock speculation followed by a market crash, or a climate of fear caused by economic crisis or anticipation of such a crisis. The term is applied only to the initial, violent stage of financial upheaval rather than the whole decline in the business cycle (see depression and recession). Until the 19th century, economic fluctuations were largely connected with shortages of goods, market expansion, and speculation (as in the South Sea Bubble). Panics in the industrialized societies of the 19th-20th century have reflected the increasing complexity of advanced economies. The Panic of 1857 in the U.S. had its seeds in the railroads' defaulting on their bonds and in the decline in the value of railroad securities; its effects were complex, including not only the closing of many banks but also severe unemployment in the U.S. and a money-market panic in Europe. The Panic of 1873, which began with financial crises in Vienna and New York, marked the start of a long-term contraction in the world economy. The greatest panic began with the U.S. stock-market crash of 1929 (see Great Depression).
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什么是浸润
组织内侵入了异常的细胞或出现了正常情况下不应出现的机体细胞,以及某些病变组织向周围扩展的现象。在细胞内或间质中出现异常的物质、或原有的某些物质的堆积过多也称为浸润。有的变性或沉积也称为浸润。浸润大多为病理性的,但有时是为了治疗目的而人为的。它们...
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什么是细菌性感染
细菌引起的感染。包括医院外感染和医院内感染。引起医院外感染最常见的细菌为革兰氏阳性菌如金黄色葡萄球菌、肺炎链球菌、化脓性链球菌和革兰氏阴性的大肠杆菌、流感嗜血杆菌等;引起医院内感染的则多为有耐药性的金黄色葡萄球菌、表皮葡萄球菌、肠球菌、克雷伯...
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什么是肾性骨营养不良
由慢性肾功能衰竭导致的骨代谢病,表现为钙磷代谢障碍、酸碱平衡失调、骨骼畸形,并可引起继发性甲状旁腺功能亢进。肾性佝偻病常由慢性肾小球肾炎、慢性肾盂肾炎、肾结核、肾肿瘤、肾结石或先天性肾盂积水引起。由于肾小球遭到破坏,间质纤维化、肾小管萎缩、尿浓缩...
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什么是三叉神经痛
面部三叉神经感觉支分布区出现的短暂发作性疼痛。多发病于中年以上,40岁以上占70~80%,而70岁以上又逐渐减少。患者中女性多于男性,两者之比为3:2。多为一侧性,双侧受罹者在5%以下。以三叉神经第二支(上颌支)受侵犯者最常见,其次为第三支(下颌支),第二、三支同时患病者亦常见...