什麼是凱薩琳二世
Catherine II
俄羅斯語作Yekaterina Alekseyevna,原名Sophie Friederike Auguste, Prinzessin (Princess) von Anhalt-Zerbst。
別名凱薩琳大帝(Catherine the Great)。
俄國女皇(1762~1796年在位)。她是德意志親王的女兒,十四歲被選作未來成為彼得三世的妻子。這門婚事是一樁完全失敗的婚姻,因為她患有精神病的丈夫根本無能力治理國家,具有野心的凱薩琳打算將來除掉彼得,自己統治俄國。1762年彼得登上帝位後,她與情夫奧爾洛夫合謀逼迫彼得讓位給她(不久彼得即被謀殺),宣佈自己是女沙皇。在位三十四年期間,她讓俄國全力參與歐洲政治和文化活動。她與羣臣重組俄國的行政和法律,並擴張俄國領土,取得克里米亞和大部分的波蘭土地。即位之前曾認為農奴制度不人道,曾想要解放黑奴,但即位後,卻加強執行農奴制。她精力充沛,興趣廣泛,擁有多位情夫,其中包括波坦金。
1729~1796年
Catherine II
ie Friederike Auguste, Prinzessin (Princess) von Anhalt-Zerbst,known asCatherine the GreatGerman-born empress of Russia (1762-96). The daughter of an obscure German prince, she was chosen at 14 to be the wife of the future Peter III. The marriage was a complete failure. Because her neurotic husband was incapable of ruling, the ambitious Catherine saw the possibility of eliminating him and governing Russia herself. After Peter became emperor in 1762, she conspired with her lover, Grigory G., Count Orlov, to force Peter to abdicate (he was murdered soon after) and have herself proclaimed empress. In her 34-year reign, she led Russia into full participation in European political and cultural life. With her ministers she reorganized the administration and law of the Russian empire and extended Russian territory, adding the Crimea and much of Poland. Though she had once intended to emancipate the serfs, she instead strengthened the system she had once condemned as inhuman. She had great energy and wide interests, and her personal life was notable for her many lovers, including Grigory Potemkin.
-
什麼是浸潤
組織內侵入了異常的細胞或出現了正常情況下不應出現的機體細胞,以及某些病變組織向周圍擴展的現象。在細胞內或間質中出現異常的物質、或原有的某些物質的堆積過多也稱為浸潤。有的變性或沉積也稱為浸潤。浸潤大多為病理性的,但有時是為了治療目的而人為的。它們...
-
什麼是細菌性感染
細菌引起的感染。包括醫院外感染和醫院內感染。引起醫院外感染最常見的細菌為革蘭氏陽性菌如金黃色葡萄球菌、肺炎鏈球菌、化膿性鏈球菌和革蘭氏陰性的大腸桿菌、流感嗜血桿菌等;引起醫院內感染的則多為有耐藥性的金黃色葡萄球菌、表皮葡萄球菌、腸球菌、克雷伯...
-
什麼是腎性骨營養不良
由慢性腎功能衰竭導致的骨代謝病,表現為鈣磷代謝障礙、酸鹼平衡失調、骨骼畸形,並可引起繼發性甲狀旁腺功能亢進。腎性佝僂病常由慢性腎小球腎炎、慢性腎盂腎炎、腎結核、腎腫瘤、腎結石或先天性腎盂積水引起。由於腎小球遭到破壞,間質纖維化、腎小管萎縮、尿濃縮...
-
什麼是三叉神經痛
面部三叉神經感覺支分佈區出現的短暫發作性疼痛。多發病於中年以上,40歲以上佔70~80%,而70歲以上又逐漸減少。患者中女性多於男性,兩者之比為3:2。多為一側性,雙側受罹者在5%以下。以三叉神經第二支(上頜支)受侵犯者最常見,其次為第三支(下頜支),第二、三支同時患病者亦常見...