什么是芭蕾
一种把正规的学院派舞蹈技巧结合音乐、服装和舞台布景等其他艺术要素的戏剧性舞蹈。从文艺复兴时期宫廷的表演发展而来,芭蕾在路易十四世时期重新复兴,1661年他成立皇家舞蹈研究院,任命博尚(P. Beauchamp)为院长,博尚发展出五个芭蕾舞位置。早期的芭蕾常伴随着歌唱,往往合并入诸如卢利这样的作曲家们的歌剧芭蕾中。18世纪时,诺维尔和安吉奥利尼分别创作了情节舞剧(ballet d'action),透过舞步和默剧来叙述一个故事,这一种改革也反映在葛路克所作的音乐中。19世纪初期芭蕾舞有了重大发展,包括脚尖点地的舞姿(以脚趾尖端保持平衡),以及首席芭蕾伶娜的出现,如塔利奥尼和埃尔丝勒。19世纪末、20世纪初,透过佳吉列夫、帕芙洛娃、尼金斯基、佩季帕和福金等人的革新,使俄国成为芭蕾剧的制作和表演中心;大型芭蕾舞剧多由柴可夫斯基和史特拉汶斯基作曲。此後,英国和美国的芭蕾舞学校努力将本国的芭蕾舞地位提昇到俄国芭蕾的层次,同时欣赏芭蕾舞的观众也增加了许多。亦请参阅American Ballet Theatre、Ballet Russe de Monte Carlo、Ballets Russes、Bolshoi Ballet、New York City Ballet、Royal Ballet。
ballet
Theatrical dance in which a formal academic technique (the danse d'école) is combined with music, costume, and stage scenery. Developed from court productions of the Renaissance, ballet was renewed under Louis XIV, who established France's Académie Royale de Danse in 1661, where Pierre Beauchamp developed the five ballet positions. Early ballets were often accompanied by singing and were often incorporated into opera-ballets by such composers as J.-B. Lully. In the 18th century J.-G. Noverre and Gasparo Angiolini separately developed the dramatic ballet (ballet d'action) to tell a story through dance steps and mime, a reform echoed in C.W. Gluck's music. Significant developments in the early 19th century included pointe work (balance on the extreme tip of the toe) and the emergence of the prima ballerina, exemplified by Marie Taglioni and Fanny Elssler. In the late 19th and early 20th century Russia became the center of ballet production and performance, through such innovators as Sergey Diaghilev, Anna Pavlova, Vaslav Nijinsky, Marius Petipa, and Michel Fokine; great ballets were composed by P. Tchaikovsky and I. Stravinsky. Since then, ballet schools in Great Britain and the U.S. have elevated ballet in those countries to Russia's level and greatly increased its audience. See also American Ballet Theatre, Ballet Russe de Monte Carlo, Ballets Russes, Bolshoi Ballet, New York City Ballet, Royal Ballet.
-
什么是脂类
难溶于水而易溶于乙醚、氯仿或苯等非极性溶剂中的有机化合物,或称脂质。种类甚多,其化学结构各异,包括甘油三脂、磷脂、神经磷脂及固醇等。脂质代谢的紊乱可导致高脂血症、脂肪肝等疾患。脂类广泛存在于生物体中,按化学结构可分为单纯脂类(主要有甘油三酯及蜡等),复合...
-
什么是农业中毒
农业、林业、牧业、渔业与养殖业生产过程中,接触有毒化学物质引起的中毒。农业从业人员接触各种有毒化学物质的机会较多,因此容易中毒。中毒有急、慢性,严重的中毒可导致死亡。有些毒物还可以引起肿瘤或子代畸形。在生产过程中,加强安全防护措施,能够有效地防止农业...
-
什么是腧穴
脏腑、经络气血输注出入的特殊部位,是针灸、推拿等疗法的主要施术部位。腧穴,又称孔穴、穴位。腧,通输、俞,输有转输的含义,俞有气血留存的含义,穴有孔隙的含义。由于输穴名称多使用在特定穴中的五输穴中,俞穴名称多使用在特定穴中的背俞穴中,所以对穴位进行总称呼时使...
-
什么是手部损伤
手具有复杂、精细、灵巧的功能,人们用手从事劳动。手在劳动中与外界接触频繁,易受损伤。手部创伤占工业创伤的1/3强。据中国的一些统计数字,手部创伤占全部创伤1/4强,占四肢创伤的1/3强。手部创伤的种类可按性质分为六类。刺伤由于针、钉、刀尖或木屑等刺入手部而...