什么是苏人
操苏语诸语言的北美大平原印第安民族(参阅Plains Indian),主要由桑蒂人(东苏人)、扬克顿人以及特顿人(西苏人)组成,其下再分成较小的分支(如黑脚人和奥加拉拉人)。17世纪,苏人主要居住在苏必略湖周围地区,但奥吉布瓦人的攻击将他们逐往明尼苏达西部。他们逐渐适应了平原的生活,狩猎野牛,住在圆锥帐篷里,重视战争中的勇猛,跳太阳舞。苏人女子很擅长箭猪刺和念珠编织。苏人在1862年极力抵制白人的袭击,白人违反条约,使桑蒂人在小乌鸦领导下展开起义,落败後被迫西迁至达科他州和内布拉斯加州的居留地。美国军队和扬克顿人以及特顿人之间的激烈战争在1876年的小大角河战役中达到顶峰。1890年代,鬼舞道门鼓励很多苏人拿起武器,导致了伤膝大屠杀。现在,苏人的数量只有75,000,主要居住在北达科他州、南达科他州、蒙大拿州及内布拉斯加州等地的居留地内。亦请参阅Sitting Bull。
Sioux
Group of Plains Indian peoples of Siouan language stock comprising the Santee (Eastern Sioux), Yankton, and Teton (Western Sioux), each of which in turn had lesser divisions (e.g., Blackfoot, Oglala). In the 17th century the Sioux lived in the area around Lake Superior, but attacks from the Ojibwa drove them west into Minnesota. They adopted a Plains way of life, hunting buffalo, living in tepees, emphasizing valor in warfare, and practicing the sun dance. Sioux women were skilled at porcupine-quill and bead embroidery. The Sioux were resolute in resisting white incursions. In 1862, white treaty violations led the Santee to mount a bloody uprising under Little Crow; after their defeat, they were forced onto reservations in South Dakota and Nebraska. Serious fighting between U.S. troops and the Yankton and Teton Sioux in the 1860s and 1870s culminated in the Battle of Little Bighorn in 1876, a great Indian victory. Eventually, however, the Sioux surrendered and were forced onto reservations. In 1890 the Ghost Dance religion inspired many Sioux to take up arms, leading to the massacre at Wounded Knee. Today the Sioux number about 75,000; most live on reservations in North and South Dakota, Montana, and Nebraska. See also Sitting Bull.
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什么是浸润
组织内侵入了异常的细胞或出现了正常情况下不应出现的机体细胞,以及某些病变组织向周围扩展的现象。在细胞内或间质中出现异常的物质、或原有的某些物质的堆积过多也称为浸润。有的变性或沉积也称为浸润。浸润大多为病理性的,但有时是为了治疗目的而人为的。它们...
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什么是细菌性感染
细菌引起的感染。包括医院外感染和医院内感染。引起医院外感染最常见的细菌为革兰氏阳性菌如金黄色葡萄球菌、肺炎链球菌、化脓性链球菌和革兰氏阴性的大肠杆菌、流感嗜血杆菌等;引起医院内感染的则多为有耐药性的金黄色葡萄球菌、表皮葡萄球菌、肠球菌、克雷伯...
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什么是肾性骨营养不良
由慢性肾功能衰竭导致的骨代谢病,表现为钙磷代谢障碍、酸碱平衡失调、骨骼畸形,并可引起继发性甲状旁腺功能亢进。肾性佝偻病常由慢性肾小球肾炎、慢性肾盂肾炎、肾结核、肾肿瘤、肾结石或先天性肾盂积水引起。由于肾小球遭到破坏,间质纤维化、肾小管萎缩、尿浓缩...
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什么是三叉神经痛
面部三叉神经感觉支分布区出现的短暂发作性疼痛。多发病于中年以上,40岁以上占70~80%,而70岁以上又逐渐减少。患者中女性多于男性,两者之比为3:2。多为一侧性,双侧受罹者在5%以下。以三叉神经第二支(上颌支)受侵犯者最常见,其次为第三支(下颌支),第二、三支同时患病者亦常见...