什么是阿拉米语
闪米特中北部语支或西北语支语言,原来是古代阿拉米人所使用。最早的阿拉米文字是用腓尼基字母拼写的,在黎凡特(Levant)北部发现,年代可追溯至西元前850~西元前600年,西元前600~西元前200年阿拉米语大为扩张,发展成一种标准形式,称帝国阿拉米语。後来几个世纪变成一种语言典型,称“标准文学阿拉米语”。後(古典)阿拉米语(约西元200~1200年)有丰富的文献资料,包含古叙利亚语和曼达语(参阅Mandaenism)在内。随伊斯兰教的兴起,阿拉伯语迅速在西南亚一带取代阿拉米语的地位。现代(新)阿拉米语包含西新阿拉米语和东新阿拉米语,前者通行於大马士革东北部的三个村落,後者通行於土耳其东南部、伊拉克北部和伊朗西北部散居的犹太人和基督徒聚落,居住在阿拉伯河的现代曼达派人也使用东新阿拉米语。约自1900年以来遭到迫害後,大部分操东新阿拉米语的人(约有数十万人)分散到全世界各个角落。
Aramaic language
NW Semitic language, originally spoken by the ancient Aramaeans. The earliest Aramaic texts are inscriptions in an alphabet of Phoenician origin found in the northern Levant dating from c. 850-600 BC. The period 600-200 BC saw a dramatic expansion of Aramaic, leading to the development of a standard form known as Imperial Aramaic. In later centuries, as “Standard Literary Aramaic,” it became a linguistic model. Late (or Classical) Aramaic (c. AD 200-1200) has an abundant literature, both in Syriac and in Mandaic (see Mandaeanism). With the rise of Islam, Arabic rapidly supplanted Aramaic as a vernacular in South Asia. Modern Aramaic (Neo-Aramaic) comprises West Neo-Aramaic, spoken in three villages northeast of Damascus, and East Neo-Aramaic, a group of languages spoken in scattered settlements of Jews and Christians in southeastern Turkey, northern Iraq and northwestern Iran, and by modern Mandaeans in the Shatt al Arab. Since c. 1900 persecution has forced most contemporary East Neo-Aramaic-speakers, who number several hundred thousand, into diaspora communities dispersed around the world.
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什么是酶催化剂
即指酶,一类由生物体产生的具有高效和专一催化功能的蛋白质。酶催化剂和活细胞催化剂均可称为生物催化剂。在生物体内,酶参与催化几乎所有的物质转化过程,与生命活动有密切关系;在体外,也可作为催化剂进行工业生产。酶有很高的催化效率,在温和条件下(室温、常压、中性...
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什么是时行感冒
感受时行病毒所引起的急性呼吸道传染性疾病。西医学称为流行性感冒。全身症状明显,临床以突然恶寒、发热、头痛、全身酸痛为主要特征。一年四季均可发生,冬春两季较为多见。起病急骤,传播迅速,传染性强,常可引起大流行。时行感冒的病因多与气候突变、寒温失常有关,如...
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什么是激素
由内分泌细胞合成和分泌的、能将一定的化学信息传递到靶细胞并产生生物效应的微量化学物质。过去人们认为,激素是由体内无导管的内分泌腺体产生并直接分泌进入血液循环,转运到远处的靶器官发挥一定的生理作用。现已知激素的产生不限于传统的内分泌腺体,激素的转运...
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什么是环境污染
自然的或人为的原因使某些化学的、物理的、生物的有害因素带入人类赖以生存的空气、水、土壤和食物等环境中的现象。人的生活环境中有着各种污染源,污染物质从各种污染源排出,通过人的呼吸、饮食,使人体健康和精神状态受到直接或间接的、近期和远期的(遗传的)不利影...