什么是福利国家
国家在保护和提高其公民的经济福利和社会福利方面发挥主要作用的一种政治体制概念。福利国家的概念基於下述各原则︰机会均等、财富公平分配以及对於收入过低、生活困难的公共责任。这个名词包含多种经济的和社会的组织。福利国家的一个基本特点是推行社会保险,以提供某个时期最大的需要(如老年、疾病、失业)。它通常还提供了包括基础教育、保健服务以及住屋等方面的公益救助措施。在这方面,西欧各国实施的福利国家计画,其规模要比美国为大。此种情况可见於多种范畴,包括广泛的健康保险项目和政府补助的高等教育助学金。社会主义各国的福利国家计画包括就业和对消费品价格的管理。20世纪时自由放任主义的概念逐渐没落,几乎所有国家都设法制订与福利国家有关的某些保险措施。1948年英国所采取的范围广泛的社会保险措施、美国的新政和良政的社会政策,都是以福利国家的原则为基础的。斯堪的那维亚各国则是由国家为个人提供的资助几乎贯穿其生活的各个时期。
welfare state
Concept of government in which the state plays a key role in protecting and promoting the economic and social well-being of its citizens. It is based on the principles of equality of opportunity, equitable distribution of wealth, and public responsibility for those who lack the minimal provisions for a good life. The term may be applied to a variety of forms of economic and social organization. A basic feature of the welfare state is social insurance, intended to provide benefits during periods of greatest need (e.g., old age, illness, unemployment). The welfare state also usually includes public provision of education, health services, and housing. Such provisions are less extensive in the U.S. than in Western Europe, where comprehensive health coverage and state-subsidized university-level education are common. In socialist countries the welfare state also covers employment and administration of consumer prices. As the concept of laissez-faire declined in popularity in the 20th century, most nations instituted at least some of the measures associated with the welfare state. Britain adopted comprehensive social insurance in 1948, and in the U.S., social-legislation programs such as the New Deal and the Fair Deal were based on welfare-state principles. Scandinavian countries provide state aid for the individual in almost all phases of life.
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无可比象是什么意思?
意思是:没有什么可与譬比。成语名字:无可比象成语发音:wúkěbǐxiàng成语解释:没有什么可与譬比。成语出处:宋·张君房《云笈七签》第71卷:“焕彻如寒霜素雪之状,又似钟乳垂穗之形,五色备具,无可比象。”成语繁体:無可比象感情色彩:中性成语成语用法:作谓语、定语;指没有...
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章句小儒是什么意思?
意思是:指不能通达大义而拘泥于辨析章句的儒生。成语名字:章句小儒成语发音:zhāngjùxiāorú成语解释:指不能通达大义而拘泥于辨析章句的儒生。成语出处:《汉书夏侯胜传》:“建所谓章句小儒,破碎大道。”感情色彩:贬义成语成语用法:作主语、宾语、定语;指书生成语结构:...
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野无遗才是什么意思?
意思是:见“野无遗贤”。成语名字:野无遗才成语发音:yěwúyícái成语解释:见“野无遗贤”。成语出处:《魏书·阳尼传》:“举贤良,黜不肖,使野无遗才,朝无素餐。”成语繁体:野無遺才感情色彩:中性成语成语用法:作宾语、定语;指爱惜人才成语结构:偏正式成语产生年代:古代成语...
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隋侯之珠是什么意思?
意思是:隋:古国名。比喻珍贵的物品。成语名字:隋侯之珠成语发音:suíhóuzhīzhū成语解释:隋:古国名。比喻珍贵的物品。成语出处:《庄子让王》:“今且有人于此,以隋侯之珠,弹千仞之雀,世必笑之。是何也?则其所用者重,而所要者轻也。《淮南子览冥训》:“譬如隋侯之珠,和氏之璧...