什麼是花園
栽培草本植物、水果、花卉、蔬菜或喬木的一塊土地。現存最早的花園細部計畫屬於埃及,可以追溯至西元前1400年,其中呈現出樹木成行的大道和長方形的水塘。美索不達米亞的花園是可以享受樹蔭和涼水的地方。希臘式花園在陳列貴重材料方面是極盡奢華的,這個傳統由拜占庭花園承接。伊斯蘭花園常在池中使用水,並由類似灌溉溝渠的狹窄水道供水。在文藝復興時期的歐洲,花園反映出人類有能力使外在世界保持井然有序的自信。義大利花園強調住宅與花園的統一。17世紀的法國花園是極講究對稱性的,而法國當時主導了歐洲文化使這種風格普及到下一個世紀。在18世紀的英國,因逐漸增進對自然世界的瞭解而導致「自然」花園的發展,其中使用不規則而不對稱的佈局。中國花園通常與自然景緻保持和諧,採用遠方採集來的岩石,作為共通的裝飾特徵。早期的日本花園仿照中國的原則,後來的發展是可能以沙子和岩石為主的抽象花園,還有在盤中做成的迷你花園。
garden
Plot of ground where herbs, fruits, flowers, vegetables, or trees are cultivated. The earliest surviving detailed garden plan is Egyptian and dates from about 1400 BC; it shows tree-lined avenues and rectangular ponds. Mesopotamian gardens were places where shade and cool water could be enjoyed; Hellenistic gardens were conspicuously luxurious in their display of precious materials, a tradition carried over by Byzantine gardens. Islamic gardens made use of water, often in pools and fed by narrow canals resembling irrigation channels. In Renaissance Europe, gardens reflected confidence in human ability to impose order on the external world; Italian gardens emphasized the unity of house and garden. French 17th-century gardens were rigidly symmetrical, and French cultural dominance in Europe popularized this style into the next century. In 18th-century England, increasing awareness of the natural world led to the development of “natural” gardens that made use of irregular, nonsymmetrical layouts. Chinese gardens have generally harmonized with the natural landscape, and have employed rocks gathered from great distances as a universal decorative feature. Early Japanese gardens imitated Chinese principles; later developments were the abstract garden, which might feature only sand and rocks, and miniature gardens made in trays (see bonsai).
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什麼是浸潤
組織內侵入了異常的細胞或出現了正常情況下不應出現的機體細胞,以及某些病變組織向周圍擴充套件的現象。在細胞內或間質中出現異常的物質、或原有的某些物質的堆積過多也稱為浸潤。有的變性或沉積也稱為浸潤。浸潤大多為病理性的,但有時是為了治療目的而人為的。它們...
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什麼是細菌性感染
細菌引起的感染。包括醫院外感染和醫院內感染。引起醫院外感染最常見的細菌為革蘭氏陽性菌如金黃色葡萄球菌、肺炎鏈球菌、化膿性鏈球菌和革蘭氏陰性的大腸桿菌、流感嗜血桿菌等;引起醫院內感染的則多為有耐藥性的金黃色葡萄球菌、表皮葡萄球菌、腸球菌、克雷伯...
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什麼是腎性骨營養不良
由慢性腎功能衰竭導致的骨代謝病,表現為鈣磷代謝障礙、酸鹼平衡失調、骨骼畸形,並可引起繼發性甲狀旁腺功能亢進。腎性佝僂病常由慢性腎小球腎炎、慢性腎盂腎炎、腎結核、腎腫瘤、腎結石或先天性腎盂積水引起。由於腎小球遭到破壞,間質纖維化、腎小管萎縮、尿濃縮...
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什麼是三叉神經痛
面部三叉神經感覺支分佈區出現的短暫發作性疼痛。多發病於中年以上,40歲以上佔70~80%,而70歲以上又逐漸減少。患者中女性多於男性,兩者之比為3:2。多為一側性,雙側受罹者在5%以下。以三叉神經第二支(上頜支)受侵犯者最常見,其次為第三支(下頜支),第二、三支同時患病者亦常見...