什麼是山縣有朋
Yamagata Aritomo
日本議會政體下的第一位首相(1889~1891,1898~1900)。出身為長州藩最下層的武士家庭。為提出「尊王攘夷」口號的改革派分子。1863年被選為長州藩改革派組成的騎兵隊指揮官。1864年下關事件(西方列強的混合艦隊炮轟長州)使他認清,要擁有與西方列強相等的現代化武器。參與明治維新後,出國學習軍事基本原理。後任約一萬名士兵的帝國近衛軍司令。實行徵兵制;1877年山縣統軍平亂,西鄉隆盛在薩摩藩武士起兵反對政府。政治上他比伊藤博文更為保守。身為日本首相,採取擴張政策,在中國發生義和團運動時,日本在八國聯軍中出兵最多。他盡力鎮壓在日本國內剛出現的勞工運動。退休後,仍擔任樞密院議長。亦請參閱Meiji Constitution、Meiji period。
1838~1922年
Yamagata Aritomo
First prime minister under Japan's parliamentary regime (1889-91, 1898-1900). As a samurai youth in Choshu, Yamagata was among those who answered the foreign threat with the slogan Sonno joi, “Honor the emperor and expel the barbarians.” Bombardment of the Choshu coast in 1864 convinced him of the need for modern armaments. After participating in the Meiji Restoration, he went abroad to research military institutions. He became commander of an Imperial Guard of 10,000 troops. When he introduced conscription, bearing arms ceased to be the exclusive prerogative of a warrior class. His forces defeated Saigo Takamori's troops in 1877. In politics he was more conservative than his contemporary Ito Hirobumi, favoring a strong executive. As prime minister, his policies were expansionist; Japan sent the largest of all foreign forces to China to quell the Boxer Rebellion. He increased the autonomy of the military and tried to suppress an incipient social-labor movement. After retirement, he continued to wield power as a genro (elder statesman). See also Meiji Constitution, Meiji period.
-
什麼是浸潤
組織內侵入了異常的細胞或出現了正常情況下不應出現的機體細胞,以及某些病變組織向周圍擴充套件的現象。在細胞內或間質中出現異常的物質、或原有的某些物質的堆積過多也稱為浸潤。有的變性或沉積也稱為浸潤。浸潤大多為病理性的,但有時是為了治療目的而人為的。它們...
-
什麼是細菌性感染
細菌引起的感染。包括醫院外感染和醫院內感染。引起醫院外感染最常見的細菌為革蘭氏陽性菌如金黃色葡萄球菌、肺炎鏈球菌、化膿性鏈球菌和革蘭氏陰性的大腸桿菌、流感嗜血桿菌等;引起醫院內感染的則多為有耐藥性的金黃色葡萄球菌、表皮葡萄球菌、腸球菌、克雷伯...
-
什麼是腎性骨營養不良
由慢性腎功能衰竭導致的骨代謝病,表現為鈣磷代謝障礙、酸鹼平衡失調、骨骼畸形,並可引起繼發性甲狀旁腺功能亢進。腎性佝僂病常由慢性腎小球腎炎、慢性腎盂腎炎、腎結核、腎腫瘤、腎結石或先天性腎盂積水引起。由於腎小球遭到破壞,間質纖維化、腎小管萎縮、尿濃縮...
-
什麼是三叉神經痛
面部三叉神經感覺支分佈區出現的短暫發作性疼痛。多發病於中年以上,40歲以上佔70~80%,而70歲以上又逐漸減少。患者中女性多於男性,兩者之比為3:2。多為一側性,雙側受罹者在5%以下。以三叉神經第二支(上頜支)受侵犯者最常見,其次為第三支(下頜支),第二、三支同時患病者亦常見...