什麼是細密畫
小型、精描細繪的畫,通常為肖像畫,用水彩畫在羊皮紙、撲克牌、銅版或象牙板上,能拿在手裡或作為珠寶佩戴。名稱出自「鉛丹」一詞,以強調中世紀彩飾手抄本的首字母。結合了彩飾和對文藝復興的紀念,細密畫從16世紀早期到19世紀中期長盛不衰。可考的最早的作品由克盧埃在法國法蘭西斯一世的宮廷中完成。在英國,小霍爾拜因在亨利八世的宮廷中創作了許多細密畫名作,影響了繪畫實踐的長期傳統,被稱為「肖像畫」。希利雅德則為伊莉莎白一世當了三十多年的細密肖像畫師。17~18世紀在法國流行用瓷漆在金屬上作畫。義大利的卡列拉採用象牙板作為透明顏料的發光面(1700?),大大刺激了這一畫法在18世紀後期的復興。到19世紀中期,細密畫被認為是奢侈品,並且由於攝影這個新方法的出現而顯得過時了。
miniature painting
Small, detailed painting, usually a portrait, executed in watercolor on vellum (parchment), prepared card, copper, or ivory that can be held in the hand or worn as a piece of jewelry. The name derives from the minium, or red lead, used to emphasize initial letters in medieval illuminated manuscripts. Combining the traditions of illumination and the Renaissance medal, it flourished from the early 16th to the mid-19th century. The earliest datable examples were painted in France by Jean Clouet the Younger at the court of Francis I; in England, H. Holbein the Younger produced masterpieces in miniature under Henry VIII and inspired a long tradition of the practice, known as “limning.” Nicholas Hilliard served as miniature painter to Elizabeth I for more than 30 years. In the 17th-18th century, painting in enamel on metal became popular in France. In Italy Rosalba Carriera introduced the use of ivory (c. 1700) as a luminous surface for transparent pigments, stimulating a great revival of the medium in the late 18th century. By the mid-19th century, miniature paintings were regarded as luxury items and rendered obsolete by the new medium of photography.
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什麼是浸潤
組織內侵入了異常的細胞或出現了正常情況下不應出現的機體細胞,以及某些病變組織向周圍擴充套件的現象。在細胞內或間質中出現異常的物質、或原有的某些物質的堆積過多也稱為浸潤。有的變性或沉積也稱為浸潤。浸潤大多為病理性的,但有時是為了治療目的而人為的。它們...
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什麼是細菌性感染
細菌引起的感染。包括醫院外感染和醫院內感染。引起醫院外感染最常見的細菌為革蘭氏陽性菌如金黃色葡萄球菌、肺炎鏈球菌、化膿性鏈球菌和革蘭氏陰性的大腸桿菌、流感嗜血桿菌等;引起醫院內感染的則多為有耐藥性的金黃色葡萄球菌、表皮葡萄球菌、腸球菌、克雷伯...
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什麼是腎性骨營養不良
由慢性腎功能衰竭導致的骨代謝病,表現為鈣磷代謝障礙、酸鹼平衡失調、骨骼畸形,並可引起繼發性甲狀旁腺功能亢進。腎性佝僂病常由慢性腎小球腎炎、慢性腎盂腎炎、腎結核、腎腫瘤、腎結石或先天性腎盂積水引起。由於腎小球遭到破壞,間質纖維化、腎小管萎縮、尿濃縮...
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什麼是三叉神經痛
面部三叉神經感覺支分佈區出現的短暫發作性疼痛。多發病於中年以上,40歲以上佔70~80%,而70歲以上又逐漸減少。患者中女性多於男性,兩者之比為3:2。多為一側性,雙側受罹者在5%以下。以三叉神經第二支(上頜支)受侵犯者最常見,其次為第三支(下頜支),第二、三支同時患病者亦常見...