什麼是國際收支
兩個國家的居民(包括政府)在特定的時期中所有經濟交易的系統記錄。這些交易以複式計帳法的形式呈現。比如說,美國的國際收支記錄著,藉由過美國進口商品、美國遊客在國外的花費,以及外國人的借貸等等讓外國人取得美金的各種不同管道。這些支出陳列在收支表的貸方一欄。借方一欄則陳列著各種外國儲存美金的不同用途,包括支付給美國出口的貨品、支付美國的債務利息等這一類。外國可能擁有--比起他們必需支付給美國的貨品與勞務--還要多的美金;他們可以持有這些盈餘,或著賺買黃金、或著購買證卷。外國也有可能擁有--比起他們需要支付給美國的貨品與勞務--還要少的美元,而可能藉由轉售黃金、出售在美國的證卷等,以獲得補貼的美元。某幾種資金排程的形態(如大量黃金的外流)作為支付國外債務的手投,比起其他幾種(比如說,轉換藉由國際貿易取得的貨幣),更不受到歡迎。國際貨幣基金會協助處理關於國際收支的相關爭端。亦請參閱balance of trade。
balance of payments
Systematic record of all economic transactions during a given period between residents (including the government) of one country and residents (including the governments) of other countries. The transactions are presented in the form of double-entry bookkeeping. The U.S. balance of payments, for example, records the various ways in which dollars are made available to foreigners through U.S. imports, U.S. tourist spending abroad, foreign lending, and so on. These expenditures are shown on the debit side of the balance. The credit side shows the various uses to which foreigners put their dollars, including paying for U.S. exports, servicing debts to the U.S., and the like. Foreign countries may acquire more dollars than they need to spend on U.S. goods and services and may hold the surplus or purchase gold or securities; or they may have fewer dollars than they need to purchase U.S. goods and services, and may acquire additional dollars by transferring gold, selling holdings in the U.S., and so on. Certain forms of transferring funds (e.g., large outflows of gold) are less desirable as a way of settling foreign debts than others (e.g., transfers of currency acquired through international trade). The International Monetary Fund helps address problems relating to balance of payments. See also balance of trade.
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什麼是電子計算機X射線斷層成像
一種醫學影像診斷技術。用X射線對人體投射,經檢測器測定透射後的放射量,通過電子計算機處理,重建出人體斷層影象,並作出診斷。簡史1895年倫琴發現X射線後,X射線立即被應用於臨床診斷。為了克服影像重疊的缺點,從1914年起,先後有人採用X射線管與膠片作同步反向運動的方...
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什麼是石膏
常用清熱瀉火藥。始載於《神農本草經》。別名細理石、寒水石、軟石膏。為硫酸鹽類礦物硬石膏族石膏。石膏有軟、硬石膏兩種,中醫中的石膏為軟石膏。產地和性狀石膏多產於海灣鹽湖和內陸湖泊形成的沉積岩中,常與石灰岩、黏土、岩鹽伴生。中國的主產地是湖北、安徽...
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什麼是皮內針
用於淺刺埋針的小型針具。因針僅刺入皮內,故名。按其形狀可分為顆粒式、環式、撳釘式三種:(1)顆粒式。形似毫針,長7毫米或9毫米,針尾為金屬顆粒,常用直徑為0.22毫米或0.26毫米的金、銀或不鏽鋼絲製成。(2)環式。針尾呈環狀,長7毫米或9毫米,常用直徑0.26毫米的不鏽鋼絲製成...
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什麼是熟地黃
常用補血藥。別名熟地。始載於《本草圖經》。為玄蔘科多年生草本植物地黃Rehmanniaglutinosa根經加黃酒拌蒸至內外色黑而油潤,或直接蒸至黑潤而成(圖1)。因其色黃,質量下沉,蒸熟晒乾入藥,故名。產地和性狀中國大部地區均有生產,主產於河南孟縣、溫縣、武陟、博愛等...