什麼是叔本華
Schopenhauer, Arthur
德國哲學家。父為銀行家和小說家,曾學習好幾個領域的知識,後來獲得哲學學位。他把《奧義書》同柏拉圖和康德的作品結合為自己哲學系統的基礎,是形上學理論的基本組成部分和對黑格爾理想主義的反應。他的著作《意志和表象的世界》(1819)由兩個系列的反應組成,包括了自然知識和哲學的理論、美學和道德觀。他從精神和理性轉向本能、創造力和非理性,影響了(一部分是通過尼采)生命主義、生命哲學、存在主義和人類學的理念和方法。其他的作品還包括《以自然的意志》(1836)、《道德的兩個主要問題》(1841)和《哲學小品》(1851)。叔本華是一個鬱鬱寡歡、孤獨的人,其作品使他博得「悲觀主義哲學家」綽號。
1788~1860年
Schopenhauer, Arthur
German philosopher. Son of a banker and a novelist, he studied in several fields before earning his doctorate in philosophy. He regarded the Upanishads, together with the works of Plato and Immanuel Kant, as the foundation of his philosophical system, and was primarily important as the exponent of a metaphysical doctrine of the will in immediate reaction against the idealism of G. W. F. Hegel. His magnum opus, The World as Will and Representation (1819), consists of two comprehensive series of reflections that include successively the theory of knowledge and the philosophy of nature, aesthetics, and ethics. His turning from spirit and reason to the powers of intuition, creativity, and the irrational, affected (partly via Friedrich Nietzsche) the ideas and methods of vitalism, life philosophy, existentialism, and anthropology. His other works include On the Will in Nature (1836), The Two Main Problems of Ethics (1841), and Parerga und Paralipomena (1851). An unhappy and solitary man, his works earned him the sobriquet “the philosopher of pessimism.”.
-
什麼是浸潤
組織內侵入了異常的細胞或出現了正常情況下不應出現的機體細胞,以及某些病變組織向周圍擴充套件的現象。在細胞內或間質中出現異常的物質、或原有的某些物質的堆積過多也稱為浸潤。有的變性或沉積也稱為浸潤。浸潤大多為病理性的,但有時是為了治療目的而人為的。它們...
-
什麼是細菌性感染
細菌引起的感染。包括醫院外感染和醫院內感染。引起醫院外感染最常見的細菌為革蘭氏陽性菌如金黃色葡萄球菌、肺炎鏈球菌、化膿性鏈球菌和革蘭氏陰性的大腸桿菌、流感嗜血桿菌等;引起醫院內感染的則多為有耐藥性的金黃色葡萄球菌、表皮葡萄球菌、腸球菌、克雷伯...
-
什麼是腎性骨營養不良
由慢性腎功能衰竭導致的骨代謝病,表現為鈣磷代謝障礙、酸鹼平衡失調、骨骼畸形,並可引起繼發性甲狀旁腺功能亢進。腎性佝僂病常由慢性腎小球腎炎、慢性腎盂腎炎、腎結核、腎腫瘤、腎結石或先天性腎盂積水引起。由於腎小球遭到破壞,間質纖維化、腎小管萎縮、尿濃縮...
-
什麼是三叉神經痛
面部三叉神經感覺支分佈區出現的短暫發作性疼痛。多發病於中年以上,40歲以上佔70~80%,而70歲以上又逐漸減少。患者中女性多於男性,兩者之比為3:2。多為一側性,雙側受罹者在5%以下。以三叉神經第二支(上頜支)受侵犯者最常見,其次為第三支(下頜支),第二、三支同時患病者亦常見...