什么是凯萨琳二世
Catherine II
俄罗斯语作Yekaterina Alekseyevna,原名Sophie Friederike Auguste, Prinzessin (Princess) von Anhalt-Zerbst。
别名凯萨琳大帝(Catherine the Great)。
俄国女皇(1762~1796年在位)。她是德意志亲王的女儿,十四岁被选作未来成为彼得三世的妻子。这门婚事是一桩完全失败的婚姻,因为她患有精神病的丈夫根本无能力治理国家,具有野心的凯萨琳打算将来除掉彼得,自己统治俄国。1762年彼得登上帝位後,她与情夫奥尔洛夫合谋逼迫彼得让位给她(不久彼得即被谋杀),宣布自己是女沙皇。在位三十四年期间,她让俄国全力参与欧洲政治和文化活动。她与群臣重组俄国的行政和法律,并扩张俄国领土,取得克里米亚和大部分的波兰土地。即位之前曾认为农奴制度不人道,曾想要解放黑奴,但即位後,却加强执行农奴制。她精力充沛,兴趣广泛,拥有多位情夫,其中包括波坦金。
1729~1796年
Catherine II
ie Friederike Auguste, Prinzessin (Princess) von Anhalt-Zerbst,known asCatherine the GreatGerman-born empress of Russia (1762-96). The daughter of an obscure German prince, she was chosen at 14 to be the wife of the future Peter III. The marriage was a complete failure. Because her neurotic husband was incapable of ruling, the ambitious Catherine saw the possibility of eliminating him and governing Russia herself. After Peter became emperor in 1762, she conspired with her lover, Grigory G., Count Orlov, to force Peter to abdicate (he was murdered soon after) and have herself proclaimed empress. In her 34-year reign, she led Russia into full participation in European political and cultural life. With her ministers she reorganized the administration and law of the Russian empire and extended Russian territory, adding the Crimea and much of Poland. Though she had once intended to emancipate the serfs, she instead strengthened the system she had once condemned as inhuman. She had great energy and wide interests, and her personal life was notable for her many lovers, including Grigory Potemkin.
-
什么是预压法
对软土地基预先加压,使大部分沉降在预压过程中完成,相应地提高了地基强度。预压法适用于淤泥质粘土、淤泥与人工冲填土等软弱地基。预压的方法有堆载预压和真空预压两种。堆载预压在地基上堆放重物(水、土、砂、石等)进行预压。当堆载超过计划建造的建筑物荷载时...
-
什么是竹编
以竹子为原料的编织工艺品。沿革新石器时代,中国已有竹编的篮、筐等,用以贮存食物。1958年,在浙江吴兴县钱山漾村新石器时期遗址(约公元前2750)出土了200多件竹编,其中大部分篾条经过刮磨加工。湖南长沙、湖北江陵、河南信阳等地出土的战国时期的竹编有席、帘、笥(箱...
-
什么是蓄电池电动车辆
以蓄电池为动力的电动车辆。简称蓄电池车。单能源蓄电池车早在19世纪末已非常流行。20世纪随着汽车性能的改善,蓄电池车逐渐为汽车所排挤。70年代后,由于电子、电机、蓄电池等技术的发展,以及蓄电池车的污染很小,不依靠石油能源,可充分利用深夜的剩余电力和操作方便...
-
什么是废水生物处理法
利用微生物的代谢作用除去废水中有机污染物的一种方法,亦称废水生物化学处理法,简称废水生化法,分需氧生物处理法和厌氧生物处理法两种。需氧生物处理法利用需氧微生物在有氧条件下将废水中复杂的有机物分解的方法。生活污水中的典型有机物是碳水化合物、合成洗涤...