什麼是美國最高法院
美國司法體系的上訴終審法院、美國憲法的最終解釋者。根據1787年憲法而創立,有權審理涉及美國聯邦憲法、法律或美國參加的條約的案件,以美國為一方的爭議案件、州與州之間或各州公民之間的爭議案件、海事管轄案件,以及侵犯大使、其他公使和領事的案件。其規模由國會設立,一直處於變化之中,直到1869年才確定為九名法官。最高法院大法官的任命由總統徵求議會的意見並在議會同意下而決定。最高法院從一開始就行使司法審查。相對説來,最高法院受理的一審案件是很少的。進入最高法院的程序一般是通過上訴或調審令。最高法院的最重要的條款來源為憲法的貿易條款以及正當程序和同等保護權條款,經常也處理涉及到公民自由的糾紛,包括言論自由和隱私權。最高法院的大部分工作都是闡明、精練和驗證憲法的哲學思想,並將其轉化為運作原則。
Supreme Court of the United States
Final court of appeal in the U.S. judicial system and final interpreter of the U.S. Constitution. The Court was instituted by the Constitution in 1787 and granted authority to act in cases arising under the Constitution, laws, or treaties of the U.S.; in controversies to which the U.S. is a party; in controversies between states or between citizens of different states; in cases of admiralty and maritime jurisdiction; and in cases affecting ambassadors or other ministers or consuls. Its size, which is set by Congress, varied somewhat before stabilizing at nine in 1869. Appointments to the Court are made by the president with the advice and consent of the Senate. The Court has from an early date exercised the power of judicial review. Relatively few cases are brought in its original jurisdiction. The usual route to the Court is by appeal or certiorari. Among the most important doctrinal sources used by the Court have been the commerce, due-process, and equal-protection clauses of the Constitution. It also has often ruled on controversies involving civil liberties, including freedom of speech and rights of privacy. Much of its work consists of clarifying, refining, and testing the Constitution's philosophic ideals and translating them into working principles.
-
什麼是肝陽上亢證
肝陰不足,與肝陽失去平衡協調,肝陽相對偏盛,浮動上亢所引起,臨牀以眩暈,頭目脹痛,面紅目赤,頭重足輕為主要表現的證候。多見於頭痛、眩暈、中風、耳鳴耳聾,以及西醫的高血壓、腦出血、腦血栓形成等疾病。肝陰與肝陽,相互依存,相互為用,對立統一,保持着相對平衡的協調穩定狀...
-
什麼是老化
身體各個系統及各種器官和組織在生長髮育成熟後,隨增齡而逐步出現的各種生理的、代謝的和功能的改變。而增齡(aging)包括的時限更長,包括從發育開始即發生的變化。老化有4個特點:普遍性、進行性、消耗性及內源性。老化是一種正常發展過程,是一種生理過程,與遺傳及...
-
什麼是建築八大員
建築八大員是指施工員(測量員)、質量員、安全員、標準員、材料員、機械員、勞務員(預算員)、資料員。建築八大員是基於中華人民共和國行業標準JGJ/T250-2011《建築與市政工程施工現場專業人員職業標準》,此標準所指建築與市政工程施工現場專業人員。八大員的職...
-
什麼是工效學
研究人-機器設備-工作環境系統中三者之間關係使之達到協調和統一的一門綜合性實用學科。研究的目的是使各種作業的生產方式、操作方法和勞動休息制度適合於人的身體條件和要求,保證人在工作中的安全、健康和舒適,使人不僅在短時間內有效地工作,而且在長時期內也不致...