什麼是畢卡索
Picasso, Pablo (Ruiz y)
西班牙裔法國畫家、雕塑家、版畫家、陶瓷家和舞台設計師。由擔任素描教授的父親給予訓練,十三歲首度展出作品。1904年永久遷居巴黎後,他以「粉紅色時期」(1904~1906)的陶瓷和肉體色調取代所謂「藍色時期」(1901~1904)的支配性藍色調。他的首件傑作《亞威農的少女》(1907)具有爭議性,因為其中暴烈地處理女體,並有源自非洲藝術習作的面具似臉龐。翌年,他與友人布拉克從塞尚身上找到靈感,然後開始實驗立體主義。1912年把上膠的紙和其他材料貼在畫布上,進一步發展了立體主義。1917~1924年畢卡索為佳吉列夫的俄羅斯芭蕾舞團設計舞台佈景。1920年代和1930年代超現實主義者刺激他去探索新的題材,特別是彌諾陶洛斯(Minotaur)的影像。西班牙內戰可能啟發了他創作出最偉大作品,即巨幅的《格爾尼卡》(1937),其中暴烈的影像譴責了生命遭受摧殘的情形。第二次世界大戰後,他加入共產黨,並獻身於雕塑、陶瓷、平版畫和油畫。晚年他創作了早期藝術家作品的變異,其中最着名的是以委拉斯開茲《小公主瑪格麗特》為本的一系列五十八幅畫。在八十年生涯皆是革新者,畢卡索似乎跳脱了批評,也幾乎讓20世紀每位藝術家都感受到他的影響。
1881~1973年
Picasso, Pablo (Ruiz y)
Spanish-French painter, sculptor, printmaker, ceramicist, and stage designer. Trained by his father, a professor of drawing, he exhibited his first works at 13. After moving permanently to Paris in 1904, he replaced the predominantly blue tones of his so-called Blue Period (1901-4) with those of pottery and flesh in his Rose Period (1904-6). His first masterpiece, Les demoiselles d'Avignon (1907), was controversial for its violent treatment of the female body and the masklike faces derived from his study of African art. The next year, he and his friend Georges Braque found inspiration in Paul Cezanne before beginning to experimenting with Cubism, depicting multiple views of an object on the same canvas. By 1912 they had taken Cubism further by gluing paper and other materials onto their canvases. Between 1917 and 1924 Picasso designed stage sets for five ballets for Sergey Diaghilev's Ballets Russes. In the 1920s and '30s, the Surrealists spurred him to explore new subject matter, particularly the image of the Minotaur. The Spanish Civil War inspired perhaps his greatest work, the enormous Guernica (1937), whose violent imagery condemned the useless destruction of life. After World War II he joined the Communist Party and devoted his time to sculpture, ceramics, and lithography as well as painting. In his late years he created variations on the works of earlier artists, the most famous being a series of 58 pictures based on Las Meninas of Diego Velazquez. An innovator throughout his 80-year career, Picasso seemed to move beyond criticism and made his influence felt by virtually every 20th-century artist.
-
什麼是孔徑測量
對於孔的直徑的測量,有直接測量、間接測量和綜合測量等測量方法。孔徑測量是長度計量技術的主要內容之一。直接測量利用兩點或三點定位,直接測量出孔徑的方法,也是最常用的孔徑測量方法。根據被測孔徑的精度等級、尺寸和數量大小,可以採用能測孔徑的通用長度測量工...
-
什麼是阿非利堪人
舊稱布爾人(Boer)操阿非利堪斯語,且具荷蘭或法國新教徒血統之南非人。阿非利堪人原稱布爾人(意為農夫),特別是從開普殖民地(CopeColony)移居特蘭斯瓦(Transvaal)及橘自由邦(OrangeFreeState)的早期居民。他們是虔誠的喀爾文教徒(Calvinist),自視為上帝的選民,天命他們來統治這...
-
什麼是清朝
Qingdynasty,亦拼作Ch'ingdynasty,或稱為Manchudynasty。中國最後一個帝制皇朝。西元1636年滿族首度以「清」為國號在滿洲建立王朝,而後當滿洲人統治中國時,繼續沿用這個國號。清朝期間,中國的領土大幅擴張,人口也大為提高。文化態度則極為保守,新儒學仍是居於主導地...
-
什麼是似穩電磁場
交變電流的頻率較低時,在電流附近,與之相距比該頻率的電磁波在真空中的波長少得多的區域內,可以忽略電磁場的推遲效應,這樣的區域中的電磁場即為似穩場或準穩場。根據電磁場理論,變化的磁場要產生電場,變化的電場要產生磁場。前者是電磁感應的作用,後者是位移電流的作...