什麼是芭蕾
一種把正規的學院派舞蹈技巧結合音樂、服裝和舞台佈景等其他藝術要素的戲劇性舞蹈。從文藝復興時期宮廷的表演發展而來,芭蕾在路易十四世時期重新復興,1661年他成立皇家舞蹈研究院,任命博尚(P. Beauchamp)為院長,博尚發展出五個芭蕾舞位置。早期的芭蕾常伴隨着歌唱,往往合併入諸如盧利這樣的作曲家們的歌劇芭蕾中。18世紀時,諾維爾和安吉奧利尼分別創作了情節舞劇(ballet d'action),透過舞步和默劇來敍述一個故事,這一種改革也反映在葛路克所作的音樂中。19世紀初期芭蕾舞有了重大發展,包括腳尖點地的舞姿(以腳趾尖端保持平衡),以及首席芭蕾伶娜的出現,如塔利奧尼和埃爾絲勒。19世紀末、20世紀初,透過佳吉列夫、帕芙洛娃、尼金斯基、佩季帕和福金等人的革新,使俄國成為芭蕾劇的製作和表演中心;大型芭蕾舞劇多由柴可夫斯基和史特拉汶斯基作曲。此後,英國和美國的芭蕾舞學校努力將本國的芭蕾舞地位提昇到俄國芭蕾的層次,同時欣賞芭蕾舞的觀眾也增加了許多。亦請參閲American Ballet Theatre、Ballet Russe de Monte Carlo、Ballets Russes、Bolshoi Ballet、New York City Ballet、Royal Ballet。
ballet
Theatrical dance in which a formal academic technique (the danse d'école) is combined with music, costume, and stage scenery. Developed from court productions of the Renaissance, ballet was renewed under Louis XIV, who established France's Académie Royale de Danse in 1661, where Pierre Beauchamp developed the five ballet positions. Early ballets were often accompanied by singing and were often incorporated into opera-ballets by such composers as J.-B. Lully. In the 18th century J.-G. Noverre and Gasparo Angiolini separately developed the dramatic ballet (ballet d'action) to tell a story through dance steps and mime, a reform echoed in C.W. Gluck's music. Significant developments in the early 19th century included pointe work (balance on the extreme tip of the toe) and the emergence of the prima ballerina, exemplified by Marie Taglioni and Fanny Elssler. In the late 19th and early 20th century Russia became the center of ballet production and performance, through such innovators as Sergey Diaghilev, Anna Pavlova, Vaslav Nijinsky, Marius Petipa, and Michel Fokine; great ballets were composed by P. Tchaikovsky and I. Stravinsky. Since then, ballet schools in Great Britain and the U.S. have elevated ballet in those countries to Russia's level and greatly increased its audience. See also American Ballet Theatre, Ballet Russe de Monte Carlo, Ballets Russes, Bolshoi Ballet, New York City Ballet, Royal Ballet.
-
什麼是氣體放電燈
通過氣體放電將電能轉換為光的一種電光源。氣體放電的種類很多,用得較多的是輝光放電和弧光放電(見電弧放電)。輝光放電一般用於霓虹燈和指示燈。弧光放電可有很強的光輸出,照明光源都採用弧光放電。熒光燈、高壓汞燈、鈉燈和金屬鹵化物燈是應用最多的照明用氣體...
-
什麼是愛琴文化的建築
愛琴文化出現於公元前第3千紀,範圍及於愛琴海各島嶼、希臘半島和小亞細亞沿岸地區,以克里特島和希臘半島上的邁錫尼為中心,又稱克里特-邁錫尼文化,公元前12世紀以後湮沒。19世紀末對愛琴文化的考古發掘發現有城市、宮殿、住宅、陵墓和城堡等遺址。其建築佈局、石砌...
-
什麼是顏料後處理
又稱顏料化或顏料的商品化處理。原顏料經過各種加工處理,使之成為適用於某種專用介質(如塗料用合成樹脂等)的商品化過程。目前,較普遍使用的後處理方法有顆粒的表面處理、造粒、包膜、擠水、增大結晶度等。顏料經過後處理,即成為疏鬆的粉末狀、易於流動的厚漿或薄漿...
-
什麼是核電子儀器標準化
由於半導體技術的發展,核電子學儀器均採用積木式(即插件式)結構,因此需要對插件實行標準化。在這方面,首先需要解決儀器的機械和電氣互換性和信息傳遞的規範問題。核儀器插件(NIM)標準,是最早制訂的核電子儀器標準。它是美國原子能委員會核儀器插件標準委員會於1964...