什麼是肺炎
肺組織因感染、吸入異物或受照射而產生的炎症和病變,但最常見者為由細菌所引起。肺炎枝原體(Streptococcus pneumoniae)是健康人體內最常見的致病原因。支氣管和肺泡有可能發炎。咳嗽成為主要症狀,痰中可帶血斑。本病症狀嚴重,但致死率低。肺炎鏈球菌(Streptococcus pneumoniae)較常見,一般來説病情也較嚴重,但通常隻影響抵抗力較弱者,尤其是醫院內的病人。肺炎克雷伯斯菌(Klebsiella pneumoniae)引起的肺炎,幾乎只在免疫力低下的住院病患中發生,致死率很高。其他細菌性肺炎包括卡氏肺囊蟲(Pneumocystis carinii)性肺炎(少見,愛滋病患除外)和退伍軍人病。許多種類的肺炎可以抗生素治療。病毒藉削弱個體的免疫系統提供細菌性肺炎病原體滋生的環境,而非直接導致肺炎。真菌性肺炎通常發生於抵抗力低的住院病人身上,但經由受污染的塵埃也可感染健康的人。發病快速並可能致死。胸內組織經X射線治療(參閲radiation therapy)後可導致暫時性肺炎。
pneumonia
Inflammation and solidification of lung tissue caused by infection, foreign particle inhalation, or irradiation, but usually by bacteria. Mycoplasma pneumoniae is the most common cause in healthy individuals. The bronchi and alveoli may be inflamed. Coughing becomes severe and may bring up flecks of blood. It can be serious but is rarely fatal. Streptococcus pneumoniae is more common and generally more severe but usually affects only those with low resistance, especially in hospitals. A highly lethal form caused by Klebsiella pneumoniae is almost always confined to hospitalized patients with low immunity. Other bacterial pneumonias include Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (rare except in AIDS) and Legionnaires' disease. Most respond to antibiotic treatment. Viruses set the stage for bacterial pneumonia by weakening the individual's immune system more often than they cause pneumonia directly. Fungal pneumonia usually occurs in hospitalized persons with low resistance, but contaminated dusts can cause it in healthy individuals. It can develop rapidly and may be fatal. X-ray treatment (see radiation therapy) of structures in the chest may cause temporary lung inflammation.
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什麼是脂類
難溶於水而易溶於乙醚、氯仿或苯等非極性溶劑中的有機化合物,或稱脂質。種類甚多,其化學結構各異,包括甘油三脂、磷脂、神經磷脂及固醇等。脂質代謝的紊亂可導致高脂血症、脂肪肝等疾患。脂類廣泛存在於生物體中,按化學結構可分為單純脂類(主要有甘油三酯及蠟等),複合...
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什麼是農業中毒
農業、林業、牧業、漁業與養殖業生產過程中,接觸有毒化學物質引起的中毒。農業從業人員接觸各種有毒化學物質的機會較多,因此容易中毒。中毒有急、慢性,嚴重的中毒可導致死亡。有些毒物還可以引起腫瘤或子代畸形。在生產過程中,加強安全防護措施,能夠有效地防止農業...
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什麼是腧穴
臟腑、經絡氣血輸注出入的特殊部位,是鍼灸、推拿等療法的主要施術部位。腧穴,又稱孔穴、穴位。腧,通輸、俞,輸有轉輸的含義,俞有氣血留存的含義,穴有孔隙的含義。由於輸穴名稱多使用在特定穴中的五輸穴中,俞穴名稱多使用在特定穴中的背俞穴中,所以對穴位進行總稱呼時使...
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什麼是手部損傷
手具有複雜、精細、靈巧的功能,人們用手從事勞動。手在勞動中與外界接觸頻繁,易受損傷。手部創傷佔工業創傷的1/3強。據中國的一些統計數字,手部創傷佔全部創傷1/4強,佔四肢創傷的1/3強。手部創傷的種類可按性質分為六類。刺傷由於針、釘、刀尖或木屑等刺入手部而...