什麼是亞當斯密
Smith, Adam
蘇格蘭社會哲學家和政治經濟學家。海關官員之子,在格拉斯哥大學和牛津大學求學。在愛丁堡的一系列公開演講(1748年起)讓他與休姆建立一生的友誼,也讓亞當斯密在1751年獲得格拉斯哥大學聘任。在出版《道德感情理論》(1759)後,他成為未來之布克魯奇公爵的家庭教師(1763~1766),與他一起旅居法國,並在那裏親近其他重要的思想家。1776年在工作九年之後,亞當斯密出版《國富論》,為政治經濟方面最早的綜合體系。他在書中論述以個人私利為本的經濟體系較佳,好比由一隻「看不見的手」引領,以獲得最佳的好處,書中並把分工視為經濟成長的首要因素。此書為當時盛行之重商主義體系的反應,站在古典經濟學的開端。《國富論》立即為他贏得巨大聲望,最後成為出版史上對經濟影響最深遠的作品。雖然常被視為資本主義的聖經,本書卻嚴厲批判了毫無節制之自由企業與壟斷的缺點。1777年亞當斯密奉派為蘇格蘭海關專員,1787年成為格拉斯哥大學校長。
1723~1790年
Smith, Adam
Scottish social philosopher and political economist. The son of a customs official, he studied at the Univs. of Glasgow and Oxford. A series of public lectures in Edinburgh (from 1748) led to a lifelong friendship with David Hume and to Smith's appointment to the Glasgow faculty in 1751. After publishing The Theory of Moral Sentiments (1759), he became the tutor of the future Duke of Buccleuch (1763-66); with him he traveled to France, where he consorted with other eminent thinkers. In 1776, after nine years of work, Smith published An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations, the first comprehensive system of political economy. In it he argued in favor of an economic system based on individual self-interest that would be led, as if by an “invisible hand,” to achieve the greatest good for all, and posited the division of labor as the chief factor in economic growth. A reaction to the system of mercantilism then current, it stands as the beginning of classical economics. The Wealth of Nations in time won him an enormous reputation, and would become virtually the most influential work on economics ever published. Though often regarded as the bible of capitalism, it is harshly critical of the shortcomings of unrestrained free enterprise and monopoly. In 1777 Smith was appointed commissioner of customs for Scotland, and in 1787 rector of the University of Glasgow.
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什麼是巖松鼠骨
概況基源:為松鼠科巖松鼠屬動物巖松鼠的骨骼。原動物巖松鼠SciuntamiasdavidianusPallas,又名掃毛子、石老鼠(《中國藥用動物志》)。形態:外形似松鼠,體長約190~250mm,體重可達350g。臉部有頰囊,眼大,眼眶周圍有一黃白色環,耳上無簇毛。後肢較前肢長。尾長超過體長的一...
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什麼是鹼花
概況異名:浦多(藏文譯名)。基源:鹼花為碳酸鹽類礦物。原礦物:鹼花一般指鹹水湖邊一種分枝狀結晶的天然鹼。歷史:鹼花載入藏族的《月王藥珍》、《四部藥典》,蒙古族的《認藥白晶》亦有記載。《中國藥典1977年版》(一部)。後來《藏藥標準》1978年版有收載。鹼花是藏醫...
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什麼是虎筋
概況基源:為貓科豹屬動物虎的腳筋。原動物:虎PantheratigrisL.餘項參見“虎骨”條。藥性主治:風濕性關節炎。用法用量:燉雞食。臨牀應用食療:《泉州本草》:“治風濕性關節炎:虎筋,燉雞食。”...
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什麼是慄花
概況基源:為殼鬥科慄屬植物板栗的花。原植物:板栗Castane9mollissimaBlume餘項參見“栗子”條。化學性質含精氨酸(Arginine)。參考文獻中國藥用植物誌.第2冊.科學出版社,1951:63。...