什麼是百科全書
18世紀的法文百科全書,由啟蒙哲學家(philosophe)們編纂,是啟蒙運動的主要着作之一。其全名為《百科全書,或科學、藝術和手工藝分類字典》(Encyclopédie, ou dictionnaire raisonné des sciences, des arts et des métiers,英譯名Encyclopedia, or Classified Dictionary of Sciences, Arts, and Trades),此書是因為錢伯斯所編《百科全書;或藝術與科學通用字典》(Cyclopaedia; or An Universal Dictionary of Arts and Sciences, 1728)大受歡迎而問世的。在狄德羅(Denis Diderot)的指導下,加上達朗伯(Jean Le Rond d'Alembert)的幫助,全書十七冊在1751~1765年完成,後來又陸續增加冊數,最後組成三十五冊。剛出書時雖然遭保守的教會和官員的反對,並禁止出版,但此書吸引了當時許多重要的思想家來撰稿,如盧梭、伏爾泰(Voltaire)和狄德羅本人,他們被人稱為「百科全書派」(Encyclopedist)。《百科全書》以其懷疑論、注重科學決定論和對當時政府、司法和教會弊端的批判而產生了廣泛的影響,表達了在法國大革命之前已形成的一種進步思想。
Encyclopédie
French encyclopedia created in the 18th century by the philosophes; one of the principal works of the Enlightenment. Under the full title Encyclopédie, ou dictionnaire raisonné des sciences, des arts et des métiers (“Encyclopedia, or Classified Dictionary of Sciences, Arts, and Trades”), it was inspired by the success of E. Chambers's British Cyclopaedia; or An Universal Dictionary of Arts and Sciences (1728). Under the direction of Denis Diderot and initially aided by Jean Le Rond d'Alembert, 17 volumes were published between 1751 and 1765; other volumes were added later for a total of 35. Though opposed by conservative ecclesiastics and government officials and subjected to censorship, the Encyclopédie attracted articles from many important thinkers of the time, including J.-J. Rousseau, Voltaire, and Diderot, who were called “Encyclopedists.” In its skepticism, its emphasis on scientific determinism, and its criticism of the abuses perpetrated by contemporary legal, judicial, and clerical institutions, the work had widespread influence as an expression of progressive thought prior to the French Revolution.
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如影隨形是什麼意思?
意思是:好像影子老是跟着身體一樣。比喻兩個人關係親密;常在一起。成語名字:如影隨形成語發音:rúyǐngsuíxíng成語解釋:好像影子老是跟着身體一樣。比喻兩個人關係親密;常在一起。成語出處:先秦管仲《管子任法》:“然故下之事上也,如響之應聲也;臣之事主也,如影之從形...
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罄山採木是什麼意思?
意思是:罄:完,盡。把山上的樹木全部採光。比喻殘酷剝削成語名字:罄山採木成語發音:qìngshāncǎimù成語解釋:罄:完,盡。把山上的樹木全部採光。比喻殘酷剝削成語出處:《舊五代史·唐書·張延朗傳》:“若使罄山採木,竭澤求漁,則地官之教化不行,國本之傷殘益甚,取怨黔首,是黷...
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已丑年是哪一年
己丑年就是農曆一甲子中的一個,比如2069年、2009年、1949年、1889年等,60年一週期,是丑牛年。所謂農曆的干支紀年,也就是以十天干:甲、乙、丙、丁、戊、己、庚、辛、壬、癸,依次按順序配十二地支:子、醜、寅、卯、辰、巳、午、未、申、酉、戌、亥(。即甲子、乙丑、丙寅...
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小試牛刀是什麼意思?
意思是:稍微用一下宰牛的刀。比喻有大才的人在小事上試一下身手成語名字:小試牛刀成語發音:xiǎoshìniúdāo成語解釋:稍微用一下宰牛的刀。比喻有大才的人在小事上試一下身手成語出處:清·百一居士《壺天錄》上卷:“簿書錢穀之餘,小試牛刀,敢謂愛民如子弟。”成語繁...