什么是劳动经济学
研究影响劳动者在不同产业、不同工种之中流动分布的因素,影响劳动者工作效率的因素,以及决定他们劳动报酬的因素的一门学科。一国的劳动力包括所有为收入而工作的人,也包括正在谋求职业的失业者。影响劳工如何发挥才能和应获取多少工资的众多因素包括劳动力的品质(诸如劳动者的健康、教育程度、特殊训练技能的分配和社会地位的流动程度)、经济的结构性特徵(例如重工业、高科技业和服务业所占的比例)和法律因素(包括工会的内容和权力、雇主团体和规定最低工资法律的存在)。其他因素如风俗习惯和经济周期的变化也列入考量。某些一般常见的趋势是劳动经济学家们所普遍接受的,例如需要较高阶级的教育程度或训练、该工业在经济中占有高比例和高度集中化的工业,这些工作易倾向於较高的工资阶级。
labor economics
Study of how workers are allocated among jobs, how their rates of pay are determined, and how their efficiency is affected by various factors. The labor force of a country includes all those who work for gain in any capacity as well as those who are unemployed but seeking work. A multitude of factors influence how workers are utilized and how much they are paid, including qualities of the labor force itself (such as health, level of education, distribution of special training and skills, and degree of mobility), structural characteristics of the economy (e.g., proportions of heavy manufacturing, high-technology, and service industries), and institutional factors (including the extent and power of labor unions and employers' associations and the presence of minimum-wage laws). Miscellaneous factors such as custom and variations in the business cycle are also considered. Certain general trends are widely accepted by labor economists; for instance, wage levels tend to be higher in industries that require higher levels of education or training, in economies that have high proportions of such industries, and in industries that are heavily unionized.
-
什么是预压法
对软土地基预先加压,使大部分沉降在预压过程中完成,相应地提高了地基强度。预压法适用于淤泥质粘土、淤泥与人工冲填土等软弱地基。预压的方法有堆载预压和真空预压两种。堆载预压在地基上堆放重物(水、土、砂、石等)进行预压。当堆载超过计划建造的建筑物荷载时...
-
什么是竹编
以竹子为原料的编织工艺品。沿革新石器时代,中国已有竹编的篮、筐等,用以贮存食物。1958年,在浙江吴兴县钱山漾村新石器时期遗址(约公元前2750)出土了200多件竹编,其中大部分篾条经过刮磨加工。湖南长沙、湖北江陵、河南信阳等地出土的战国时期的竹编有席、帘、笥(箱...
-
什么是蓄电池电动车辆
以蓄电池为动力的电动车辆。简称蓄电池车。单能源蓄电池车早在19世纪末已非常流行。20世纪随着汽车性能的改善,蓄电池车逐渐为汽车所排挤。70年代后,由于电子、电机、蓄电池等技术的发展,以及蓄电池车的污染很小,不依靠石油能源,可充分利用深夜的剩余电力和操作方便...
-
什么是废水生物处理法
利用微生物的代谢作用除去废水中有机污染物的一种方法,亦称废水生物化学处理法,简称废水生化法,分需氧生物处理法和厌氧生物处理法两种。需氧生物处理法利用需氧微生物在有氧条件下将废水中复杂的有机物分解的方法。生活污水中的典型有机物是碳水化合物、合成洗涤...