什么是古典经济学
英国经济学派。18世纪後期由亚当斯密创立,到李嘉图)和弥尔时臻於成熟。古典经济学是最早涉及经济成长动力的学说,反对重商主义学说,强调经济自由,主要是自由放任主义和自由竞争的思想。其许多基本概念和原理是由亚当斯密在《国富论》(1776)中提出的,主张当人民依照私利行动时,国家所创造的财富是最大的。新古典经济学家如马歇尔表示供求量会分配经济资源予最有效的使用。亚当斯密的思想被李嘉图加以阐述和发展,强调在自由竞争条件下生产和销售产品的价值(即价格)总是要同生产中所花费的劳动费用成正比。弥尔在《政治经济学原理》(1848)中重新阐述了李嘉图的一些理论,这一着作标志着古典经济学发展的高峰。後来有人修改古典经济学学说而产生极为不同的结论,其中包括马克思和凯因斯。
classical economics
School of economic thought largely centered in Britain that originated with Adam Smith and reached maturity in the works of David Ricardo and John Stuart Mill. The theories of the classical school were mainly concerned with the dynamics of economic growth. Reacting against mercantilism, classical economics emphasized economic freedom. It stressed ideas such as laissez-faire and free competition. Many of the fundamental principles of classical economics were set forth in Smith's Wealth of Nations (1776), in which he argued that a nation's wealth was greatest when its citizens followed their own self-interest. Neoclassical economists such as Alfred Marshall showed that the forces of supply and demand would ration economic resources to their most effective uses. Smith's ideas were elaborated and refined by Ricardo, who formulated the principle that the price of goods produced and sold under competitive conditions tends to be proportionate to the labor costs incurred in producing them. Mill's Principles of Political Economy (1848) gave the ideas greater currency by relating them to contemporary social conditions. Among those who have modified classical economics to reach very different conclusions are Karl Marx and John Maynard Keynes.
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什么是农业中毒
农业、林业、牧业、渔业与养殖业生产过程中,接触有毒化学物质引起的中毒。农业从业人员接触各种有毒化学物质的机会较多,因此容易中毒。中毒有急、慢性,严重的中毒可导致死亡。有些毒物还可以引起肿瘤或子代畸形。在生产过程中,加强安全防护措施,能够有效地防止农业...
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什么是浸润
组织内侵入了异常的细胞或出现了正常情况下不应出现的机体细胞,以及某些病变组织向周围扩展的现象。在细胞内或间质中出现异常的物质、或原有的某些物质的堆积过多也称为浸润。有的变性或沉积也称为浸润。浸润大多为病理性的,但有时是为了治疗目的而人为的。它们...
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什么是羊水
充满羊膜腔位于胎体周围的液体。随着妊娠时期的不同,其来源、容量与组成亦有变化。妊娠早期羊水主要是由母体血浆通过胎膜进入羊膜腔的漏出液,澄清透明。妊娠中期起,胎儿尿液可能成为羊水的重要来源,此时羊水略混浊,并有白色小片状物质(脱落的毳毛、皮肤细胞、胎脂)悬...
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什么是六淫
自然界风、寒、暑、湿、燥、火六种致病因素的合称。“淫”有太过之意。风、寒、暑、湿、燥、火本指自然界六种不同的气候或环境状态,合称六气。若六气太过、不及或与季节时间不符,超过人体所能适应的限度,则成为致病因素,这种情况下的六气即成为六淫,或称六邪。六淫...