什么是雅典
现代希腊语作Athínai
希腊城市(1991年人口772,000)和首都。地处希腊东部的萨罗尼克湾(Saronic Gulf),雅典港口比雷埃夫斯位於湾内。为西方智慧和文化概念来源,亦为民主资源地。原为古代城邦国家,西元前6世纪时开始发挥其影响力。西元前480年被薛西斯一世所毁,後又立即重建。西元前450年在伯里克利的领导下,成为商业繁荣、占尽文化和政治优势的城市。接下来的四十年间,完成了许多重要建筑,如:卫城和巴特农神庙。雅典的黄金时代出现许多着名大师:哲学家有苏格拉底、柏拉图、亚理斯多德;剧作家有:索福克里斯、亚里斯多芬(Aristophanes)、尤利比提斯;历史学家有:希罗多德、修斯提底斯和色诺芬(Xenophon);雕刻家有:普拉克西特利斯(Praxiteles)和菲迪亚斯。西元前404年,伯罗奔尼撒战争结束,雅典败於斯巴达;但又迅速恢复其独立和繁荣。西元前338年以後,臣服於马其顿,在西元前197年与罗马的库诺斯克法莱战役中曾出兵协助马其顿。西元前146年受罗马统治。13世纪时,雅典被十字军占领,1465年被鄂图曼土耳其人占领至1833年成为独立的希腊的首都为止。雅典目前是希腊重要的商业和对外贸易中心。因有许多遗址和博物馆,使得旅游业很发达。
Athens
City (pop., 1991: 772,000), capital of Greece. It is located inland near its port, Piraeus, on the Saronic Gulf in eastern Greece. The source of many of the West's intellectual and artistic conceptions, including that of democracy, Athens is generally considered the birthplace of Western civilization. An ancient city-state, it had by the 6th century BC begun to assert its influence. It was destroyed by Xerxes in 480 BC, but rebuilding began immediately. By 450 BC, led by Pericles, it was at the height of its commercial prosperity and cultural and political dominance, and over the next 40 years many major building projects, including the Acropolis and Parthenon, were completed. Athens' “Golden Age” saw the works of the philosophers Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle; the dramatists Sophocles, Aristophanes, and Euripides; the historians Herodotus, Thucydides, and Xenophon; and the sculptors Praxiteles and Phidias. The Peloponnesian Wars with Sparta ended in Athens' defeat in 404, but it quickly recovered its independence and prosperity. After 338 BC Athens came under Macedonia's hegemony, which was lifted with the aid of Rome in 197 BC in a battle at Cynoscephalae. It became subject to Rome in 146 BC. In the 13th century Athens was taken by the Crusaders. It was conquered in 1456 by the Ottoman Turks, who held it until 1833, when it was declared the capital of independent Greece. Athens is Greece's principal center for business and foreign trade. Its ruins and many museums make it a major tourist destination.
-
什么是肝阳上亢证
肝阴不足,与肝阳失去平衡协调,肝阳相对偏盛,浮动上亢所引起,临床以眩晕,头目胀痛,面红目赤,头重足轻为主要表现的证候。多见于头痛、眩晕、中风、耳鸣耳聋,以及西医的高血压、脑出血、脑血栓形成等疾病。肝阴与肝阳,相互依存,相互为用,对立统一,保持着相对平衡的协调稳定状...
-
什么是老化
身体各个系统及各种器官和组织在生长发育成熟后,随增龄而逐步出现的各种生理的、代谢的和功能的改变。而增龄(aging)包括的时限更长,包括从发育开始即发生的变化。老化有4个特点:普遍性、进行性、消耗性及内源性。老化是一种正常发展过程,是一种生理过程,与遗传及...
-
什么是建筑八大员
建筑八大员是指施工员(测量员)、质量员、安全员、标准员、材料员、机械员、劳务员(预算员)、资料员。建筑八大员是基于中华人民共和国行业标准JGJ/T250-2011《建筑与市政工程施工现场专业人员职业标准》,此标准所指建筑与市政工程施工现场专业人员。八大员的职...
-
什么是工效学
研究人-机器设备-工作环境系统中三者之间关系使之达到协调和统一的一门综合性实用学科。研究的目的是使各种作业的生产方式、操作方法和劳动休息制度适合于人的身体条件和要求,保证人在工作中的安全、健康和舒适,使人不仅在短时间内有效地工作,而且在长时期内也不致...