什么是文学评论
关於文学的哲学性的、描述性、和评价探究的领域,包括文学是什麽、做什麽以及其价值何在。西方批评传统始於柏拉图的《理想国》(Republic,西元前4世纪)。一个世代之後,亚里斯多德在其《诗学》中发展出一套到现在仍旧影响很大的写作规则。欧洲批评主义自文艺复兴以来主要将焦点放在文学的道德价值与自然和现实之间的关系。16世纪末,西德尼爵士(Sir Philip Sidney)辩说文学的特质在於提供某些方面优於现实的想像世界。一个世纪後,德莱敦提出比较非理想主义的观点,他觉得文学主要为提供正确的“人类教导和趣事”的媒介,此假说成为波普(Alexander Pope)和约翰生(Samuel Johnson)伟大批评工作的基础。由这些观念来看浪漫主义时期所显现出来的批评,以华兹华斯(William Wordsworth)的主张为典型,他认为诗的对象要“是真实的……要用热情触动到内心的感觉”。到19世纪晚期发展为两个支派:一个是“为艺术而艺术”的美学理论,和阿诺德(Matthew Arnold)所主张的:假设宗教未普及,文学必须要具备道德和哲学功能的观点。文学评论的书籍在20世纪大量增加,并在近几年出现重新评估传统批评模式的现象,和批评派别多元化的发展。(参阅structuralism、poststructuralism、deconstruction)。
literary criticism
Discipline concerned with philosophical, descriptive, and evaluative inquiries about literature, including what literature is, what it does, and what it is worth. The Western critical tradition began with Plato's Republic (4th century BC). A generation later, Aristotle, in his Poetics, developed a set of principles of composition that had a lasting influence. European criticism since the Renaissance has primarily focused on the moral worth of literature and the nature of its relationship to reality. At the end of the 16th century, Sir Philip Sidney argued that it is the special property of literature to offer an imagined world that is in some respects superior to the real one. A century later, John Dryden proposed the less idealistic view that literature must primarily offer an accurate representation of the world for “the delight and instruction of mankind,” an assumption that underlies the great critical works of Alexander Pope and Samuel Johnson. A departure from these ideas appeared in the criticism of the Romantic period, epitomized by William Wordsworth's assertion that the object of poetry is “truth . . . carried alive into the heart by passion.” The later 19th century saw two divergent developments: an aesthetic theory of “art for art's sake,” and the view (expressed by Matthew Arnold) that literature must assume the moral and philosophical functions previously filled by religion. The volume of literary criticism increased greatly in the 20th century, and its later years saw a radical reappraisal of traditional critical modes and the development of a multiplicity of critical factions (see structuralism, poststructuralism, deconstruction).
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悬车之岁是什么意思?
意思是:见“悬车之年”。成语名字:悬车之岁成语发音:xuánchēzhīsuì成语解释:见“悬车之年”。成语出处:清·梁章钜《归田琐记·七十致仕》:“若今日未及四十,早入仕途,则致仕之期,即不必以七十为限……故余两次引归,皆未及悬车之岁。”成语繁体:懸車之歲感情色彩:中性...
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先意承颜是什么意思?
意思是:同“先意承志”。成语名字:先意承颜成语发音:xiānyìchéngyán成语解释:同“先意承志”。成语出处:北齐·颜之推《颜氏家训·勉学》:“未知养亲者,欲其观古人之先意承颜,怡声下气。”成语繁体:先意承顔感情色彩:中性成语成语用法:作谓语、定语;指奉承上级成语结构...
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信口开呵是什么意思?
意思是:见“信口开合”。成语名字:信口开呵成语发音:xìnkǒukāihē成语解释:见“信口开合”。成语出处:元·尚仲贤《气英布》第一折:“你待要着死撞活,将功折过,你休那里信口开呵。”成语繁体:信口開呵感情色彩:中性成语成语用法:作谓语、宾语、状语;指随口乱说成语结构:...
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无可奈何是什么意思?
意思是:奈何:如何;怎么办。不得已;没有办法。成语名字:无可奈何成语发音:wúkěnàihé成语解释:奈何:如何;怎么办。不得已;没有办法。成语出处:西汉司马迁《史记周本纪》:“太史伯阳曰:‘祸成矣,无可奈何!’”成语繁体:無可奈何常用程度:常用成语感情色彩:中性成语成语用法:偏正...