什么是马基维利
Machiavelli, Niccolò
义大利政治家、历史学家及政治理论家。1498年在萨伏那洛拉(G. Savonarola)政权颠覆後崛起。负责外交工作十四年,与欧洲最有权势的政治人物交往。1512年麦迪奇家族重掌政权,马基维利遭撤职,次年因密谋罪名被逮捕、用刑,虽然很快就获释,但无法再担任公职。他最有名的学术论文《君王论》(1513, 1532年出版)是一本给统治者的忠告手册,本来冀望能把这部作品献给麦迪奇,但并未赢得对方的青睐。他认为《君王论》是对於政治的客观描述,因为他觉得人性腐败、贪婪且极端自私,因此建议政府在管理国家时可以不择手段。虽然有人欣赏这部作品见解透彻、才气纵横,但长期以来仍广受责难,被视为愤世嫉俗、善恶不分之作;此後举凡狡诈、不择手段、不讲道德的权谋者,皆称之为“马基维利主义者”。其他作品有一系列关於李维的论述(约1518年完成)、喜剧《曼陀罗花》(约1518年完成)及《论战争艺术》(1521年出版)。
1469~1527年
Machiavelli, Niccolò
Italian statesman, historian, and political theorist. Born in Florence, he rose to power after the overthrow of Girolamo Savonarola in 1498. Working as a diplomat for 14 years, he came in contact with the most powerful figures in Europe. Dismissed when the Medici family returned to power in 1512, he was arrested and tortured for conspiracy the next year; though soon released, he was not permitted to return to public office. His famous treatise The Prince (1513, published 1532), is a handbook for rulers; though dedicated to the Medici, it failed to win him their favor. He viewed The Prince as objective description of political reality; because he viewed human nature as venal, grasping, and thoroughly self-serving, he suggested that ruthless cunning is appropriate to the conduct of government. Though admired for its incisive brilliance, the book has long been widely condemned as cynical and amoral, and “Machiavellian” has come to mean deceitful, unscrupulous, and manipulative. His other works include a set of discourses on Livy (completed c. 1518), the comedy Mandragola (completed c. 1518), and The Art of War (published 1521).
-
什么是电子计算机X射线断层成像
一种医学影像诊断技术。用X射线对人体投射,经检测器测定透射后的放射量,通过电子计算机处理,重建出人体断层图像,并作出诊断。简史1895年伦琴发现X射线后,X射线立即被应用于临床诊断。为了克服影像重叠的缺点,从1914年起,先后有人采用X射线管与胶片作同步反向运动的方...
-
什么是石膏
常用清热泻火药。始载于《神农本草经》。别名细理石、寒水石、软石膏。为硫酸盐类矿物硬石膏族石膏。石膏有软、硬石膏两种,中医中的石膏为软石膏。产地和性状石膏多产于海湾盐湖和内陆湖泊形成的沉积岩中,常与石灰岩、黏土、岩盐伴生。中国的主产地是湖北、安徽...
-
什么是皮内针
用于浅刺埋针的小型针具。因针仅刺入皮内,故名。按其形状可分为颗粒式、环式、揿钉式三种:(1)颗粒式。形似毫针,长7毫米或9毫米,针尾为金属颗粒,常用直径为0.22毫米或0.26毫米的金、银或不锈钢丝制成。(2)环式。针尾呈环状,长7毫米或9毫米,常用直径0.26毫米的不锈钢丝制成...
-
什么是熟地黄
常用补血药。别名熟地。始载于《本草图经》。为玄参科多年生草本植物地黄Rehmanniaglutinosa根经加黄酒拌蒸至内外色黑而油润,或直接蒸至黑润而成(图1)。因其色黄,质量下沉,蒸熟晒干入药,故名。产地和性状中国大部地区均有生产,主产于河南孟县、温县、武陟、博爱等...