什么是情绪
一种情感方面的意识(consciousness),通常被认为是主观的感受、行为的表达和神经化学活动的综合表现。大部分的研究者主张,情绪是人类演化遗迹的一部分,藉由增加一般知觉和促进社交而逐渐适应的结果。1872年达尔文(Charles Darwin)首度提出非人类的动物也具有情绪。有广泛影响的早期情绪理论家是美国的詹姆斯和兰格(Carl Georg Lange, 1834~1900),他们认为情绪是人对外在刺激而产生的体内生理反应的一种知觉。甘农(Walter B. Cannon)质疑这种观点,并引导人注意视丘(thalamus)可能是情绪反应的一种源头。後来的研究者把焦点转向脑干结构,即网状结构,它结合了脑部活动和可引发情绪的认知或行动。认知心理学家们已着重研究在情绪形成中比较、相称性、评估、记忆、属性所扮演的角色。所有的现代理论家都认同情绪影响了人们的知觉、学习和回忆,以及在个人发展上扮演重要的作用。跨文化研究显示,许多情绪是全世界一样的,但它们所表达出的特别含意和风俗却大不相同。
emotion
Affective aspect of consciousness. The emotions are generally understood as representing a synthesis of subjective experience, expressive behavior, and neurochemical activity. Most researchers hold that they are part of the human evolutionary legacy and serve adaptive ends by adding to general awareness and the facilitation of social communication. Some nonhuman animals are also considered to possess emotions, as first described by Charles Darwin in 1872. An influential early theory of emotion was that proposed independently by William James and Carl Georg Lange (1834-1900), who held that emotion was a perception of internal physiological reactions to external stimuli. Walter B. Cannon questioned this view and directed attention to the thalamus as a possible source of emotional content. Later researchers have focused on the brain-stem structure known as the reticular formation, which serves to integrate brain activity and may infuse perceptions or actions with emotional valence. Cognitive psychologists have emphasized the role of comparison, matching, appraisal, memory, and attribution in the forming of emotions. All modern theorists agree that emotions influence what people perceive, learn, and remember, and play an important part in personality development. Cross-cultural studies have shown that, whereas many emotions are universal, their specific content and manner of expression vary considerably.
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择地而蹈是什么意思?
意思是:选择地方行走。形容做事小心谨慎。成语名字:择地而蹈成语发音:zédìérdǎo成语解释:选择地方行走。形容做事小心谨慎。成语出处:《史记·伯夷列传》:“或择地而蹈之,时然后出言,行不由径,非公正不发愤。”成语繁体:擇地而蹈感情色彩:中性成语成语用法:作谓语、定...
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鲁卫之政是什么意思?
意思是:语出《论语·子路》:“鲁卫之政,兄弟也。”鲁是周朝周公的封国,卫是周公之弟康叔的封国,两国的政治情况也像兄弟一样差不多。因以比喻情况相同或相似。成语名字:鲁卫之政成语发音:lǔwèizhīzhèng成语解释:语出《论语·子路》:“鲁卫之政,兄弟也。”鲁是周朝周...
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掩人耳目是什么意思?
意思是:掩:遮盖。堵住人家耳朵;遮着人家的眼睛。比喻用假象迷惑;欺骗人。成语名字:掩人耳目成语发音:yǎnréněrmù成语解释:掩:遮盖。堵住人家耳朵;遮着人家的眼睛。比喻用假象迷惑;欺骗人。成语出处:《新刊大宋宣和遗事》:“事迹显然,虽欲掩人之耳目,不可得也。”常用程度...
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牛蹄之涔是什么意思?
意思是:涔:雨水。牛蹄印中的积水。形容水量极少。也比喻处在不能有所作为的境地。成语名字:牛蹄之涔成语发音:niútízhīcén成语解释:涔:雨水。牛蹄印中的积水。形容水量极少。也比喻处在不能有所作为的境地。成语出处:《淮南子汜论训》:“夫牛蹄之涔,不能生鳣鲔。”...