什么是社团主义
把整个社会组织成从属於国家的各种“社团”的理论和实践。按照这种理论,工人和雇主被组织到产业社团和职业社团中,这些社团作为政治代表机关,在很大程度上支配其管辖之内的人员和他们的活动。这种思想最早的理论阐述是在法国大革命以後,而在德国东部和奥地利最为突出,主要代言人是梅特涅公爵的宫廷哲学家米勒(A. Muller, 1779~1829),他勾勒出一个理想的“阶级国家”,这些阶级如同业公会或公司一样运作,每个公会或公司控制一种特定的社会生活。但这种理论一直到义大利墨索里尼夺取政权後,才付诸实现,他在第二次世界刚开始时实施这种主张,结果导致他垮台。1970年代以来,出现了一种新型的社团主义(即民主或新社团主义),它与一种利益代表制有关,国家要透过与工会、商业联盟的沟通来制定政策。
corporatism
Theory and practice of organizing the whole of society into corporate entities subordinate to the state. According to the theory, employers and employees would be organized into industrial and professional corporations serving as organs of political representation and largely controlling the people and activities within their jurisdiction. Its chief spokesman was Adam Müller (1779-1829), court philosopher to Klemens, Furst von Metternich, who conceived of a “class state” in which the classes operated as guilds, or corporations, each controlling a specific function of social life. This idea found favor in central Europe after the French Revolution, but was not put into practice until Benito Mussolini came to power in Italy; its implementation there had barely begun by the start of World War II, which resulted in his fall. Since the 1970s, a new variety of corporatism, democratic- or neo-corporatism, refers to a system of interest representation in which states negotiate policy with trade union and business confederations.
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什么是建筑八大员
建筑八大员是指施工员(测量员)、质量员、安全员、标准员、材料员、机械员、劳务员(预算员)、资料员。建筑八大员是基于中华人民共和国行业标准JGJ/T250-2011《建筑与市政工程施工现场专业人员职业标准》,此标准所指建筑与市政工程施工现场专业人员。八大员的职...
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什么是皮肤肿瘤
原发于皮肤或其附属器的肿瘤和由其他内脏器官、组织的恶性肿瘤(如乳腺癌、胃癌等)转移到皮肤的转移瘤。有些皮肤表现可以是系统性肿瘤,特别是淋巴系统肿瘤的一个组成部分,如淋巴瘤、淋巴细胞性白血病等。皮肤肿瘤也可以转移到体内器官。皮肤肿瘤有良性与恶性之分。...
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什么是酶催化剂
即指酶,一类由生物体产生的具有高效和专一催化功能的蛋白质。酶催化剂和活细胞催化剂均可称为生物催化剂。在生物体内,酶参与催化几乎所有的物质转化过程,与生命活动有密切关系;在体外,也可作为催化剂进行工业生产。酶有很高的催化效率,在温和条件下(室温、常压、中性...
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什么是张子和(约1156~1228)
即张从正。金代医学家。字子和,号戴人。睢州考城(今河南兰考)人。金元四大家之一,攻下派倡导人。兴定(1217~1222)中曾擢为大臣,不慕名利,无何辞去。其学继承刘河间,用药多寒凉,提倡汗、下、吐三法治病,提出“攻邪论”,成为攻下派之祖。代表作有《儒门事亲》15卷。他认为...