什么是三十年战争
Thirty Years' War
由於宗教、王朝、领土及商贸竞争等多种原因引起的欧洲地区一系列断断续续的冲突。全面的战争主要是由奥地利哈布斯堡王室控制的罗马帝国和由瑞典、荷兰反天主教势力支持的新教诸侯之间发生的斗争。其中也包含了与哈布斯堡王室联合的反法势力。冲突爆发於1618年,但是未来的皇帝斐迪南二世在其统治区域对罗马天主教施压,导致新教贵族起义。“布拉格扔出窗外”事件(Defenestration of Prague)是此次战争的导火线。战争的战场集中在德国诸侯国,因争夺战利品导致这些诸侯国遭到严重破坏。天主教联盟早期的胜利与瑞典的军事积累相抵消。西伐利亚和约(1648)标志着“三十年战争”的结束。此後,欧洲的势力均衡已经被完全打破。法国成为主要的西方强权国家,而神圣罗马帝国的诸国也完全独立,建立了由独立国家组成的现代欧洲框架。
1618~1648年
Thirty Years' War
Series of intermittent conflicts in Europe fought for various reasons, including religious, dynastic, territorial, and commercial rivalries. The overall war was mainly a struggle between the Habsburg-controlled Holy Roman Empire and the Protestant principalities that relied on the chief anti-Catholic powers of Sweden and the Netherlands. It also involved the rivalry of France with the Habsburg powers, which formed anti-French alliances. The conflicts began in 1618 when the future emperor Ferdinand II tried to impose Roman Catholicism on his domains and the Protestant nobles rebelled; the war was sparked by the Defenestration of Prague. The battlefield centered on the principalities in Germany, which suffered severely from plundering armies. Early successes by the Catholic League were countered by military gains by Sweden. When the bloodshed ended with the Peace of Westphalia (1648) , the balance of power in Europe had been radically changed. France emerged as the chief Western power and states of the Holy Roman Empire were granted full sovereignty, establishing a framework for a modern Europe of sovereign states.
-
标新立异是什么意思?
意思是:标:揭举;立:树立。持不同的态度或看法。提出新奇的见解和主张;表示与一般不同。成语名字:标新立异成语发音:biāoxīnlìyì成语解释:标:揭举;立:树立。持不同的态度或看法。提出新奇的见解和主张;表示与一般不同。成语出处:南朝宋刘义庆《世说新语文学》:“支道林在...
-
赤身裸体是什么意思?
意思是:赤:光着。大部分身体或全身裸露。成语名字:赤身裸体成语发音:chìshēnluǒtǐ成语解释:赤:光着。大部分身体或全身裸露。成语出处:明罗贯中《三国演义》第84回:“耀武扬威,辱骂不绝;多有解衣卸甲,赤身裸体,或谁或坐。”成语繁体:赤身躶軆常用程度:常用成语感情色彩:中...
-
狮子是什么王?森林之王?
森林里是没有狮子的,狮子是生活在草原里的,狮子是草原王。狮子是草原之王,老虎是森林之王,大象是陆地之王,鲸是海洋之王,北极熊之是寒带之王。按照中国传统的说法,狮子和老虎都有是“百兽之王”或者“万兽之王”的称号。狮(学名:Pantheraleo;英文名:Lion):通称狮子,中国古称...
-
兼覆无遗是什么意思?
意思是:兼:同时;兼覆:天覆盖万物,比喻恩泽广大;无遗:没有遗漏。指恩泽广大,无所遗漏成语名字:兼覆无遗成语发音:jiānfùwúyí成语解释:兼:同时;兼覆:天覆盖万物,比喻恩泽广大;无遗:没有遗漏。指恩泽广大,无所遗漏成语出处:战国·赵·荀况《荀子·王制》:“五疾,上收而养之,材而事之...