什么是角斗士
拉丁语原意为“剑手”。古代罗马以专业格斗士战斗至死的运动。角斗士最初在伊楚利亚人的丧礼上角斗,其用意显然是使死者在阴间有人护卫。在罗马城,自西元前264年开始,这种演出十分流行。到了凯撒在位期间,单场演出人数已经增到300对。图雷真在位时期,有不同阶级的5,000位角斗士举行角斗。到了罗马共和国晚期,观众如主张令败者死则伸拇指向下(或以拇指指胸),如赞成恩宽则挥手帕(或根据其他说法为拇指向下)。胜者获棕榈枝,有时受金钱。角斗士多次角斗胜利後可退役。角斗士主要是奴隶和罪犯,但有能力或长相英俊者也会受到社会大众喜爱。由於角斗士多被雇为卫士,有些因此而成为政治要人。图密善喜用侏儒与妇人为角斗士。基督教传入之後,角斗演出不再受欢迎,但有可能一直延续至6世纪止。亦请参阅Spartacus。
gladiator
(Latin: “swordsman”) Professional combatant in ancient Rome who engaged in fights to the death as sport. Gladiators originally performed at Etruscan funerals, the intent being to give the dead man armed attendants in the next world. At Rome gladiator matches were wildly popular from 264 BC. By the time of Julius Caesar, 300 pairs would fight at a single show; by the time of Trajan, 5,000 combatants of various classes would fight. In the late Roman republic, the audience called for death with thumbs downward (or thumbs toward their breasts) and for mercy with handkerchiefs (or thumbs downward, according to some sources). The victor earned palm branches or money, and after a few victories a gladiator could be freed. Most were slaves or criminals, but a talented or handsome one could become a favorite of society; since they often served as bodyguards, they occasionally became politically important. Domitian delighted in using dwarfs and women as gladiators. With the coming of Christianity the games began to fall into disfavor, but they may have continued into the 6th century. See also Spartacus.
-
什么是电子计算机X射线断层成像
一种医学影像诊断技术。用X射线对人体投射,经检测器测定透射后的放射量,通过电子计算机处理,重建出人体断层图像,并作出诊断。简史1895年伦琴发现X射线后,X射线立即被应用于临床诊断。为了克服影像重叠的缺点,从1914年起,先后有人采用X射线管与胶片作同步反向运动的方...
-
什么是石膏
常用清热泻火药。始载于《神农本草经》。别名细理石、寒水石、软石膏。为硫酸盐类矿物硬石膏族石膏。石膏有软、硬石膏两种,中医中的石膏为软石膏。产地和性状石膏多产于海湾盐湖和内陆湖泊形成的沉积岩中,常与石灰岩、黏土、岩盐伴生。中国的主产地是湖北、安徽...
-
什么是皮内针
用于浅刺埋针的小型针具。因针仅刺入皮内,故名。按其形状可分为颗粒式、环式、揿钉式三种:(1)颗粒式。形似毫针,长7毫米或9毫米,针尾为金属颗粒,常用直径为0.22毫米或0.26毫米的金、银或不锈钢丝制成。(2)环式。针尾呈环状,长7毫米或9毫米,常用直径0.26毫米的不锈钢丝制成...
-
什么是熟地黄
常用补血药。别名熟地。始载于《本草图经》。为玄参科多年生草本植物地黄Rehmanniaglutinosa根经加黄酒拌蒸至内外色黑而油润,或直接蒸至黑润而成(图1)。因其色黄,质量下沉,蒸熟晒干入药,故名。产地和性状中国大部地区均有生产,主产于河南孟县、温县、武陟、博爱等...