什么是法院;法庭
指进行司法审判程序的建筑物或场所。原意是指一个围起来的场所,在建筑学上的涵义也是如此--法官坐的审判席设在围栏内,辩护人、律师和公众坐在法官席的外侧。开始时,这些围栏是露天的临时建筑,後来才变成固定的大房间或大厅,即审判厅。英国的法院依以下表徵分为︰一是区分为审理刑事案件的法院和审理民事案件的法院;二是区分为进行初审司法程序的初审法院和复审初审法院判决的上诉法院,上诉法院的判决涉及重大法律观点,有可能经英国上议院复审。在美国,各州有各州全面独立的法院系统,包括受理上诉的州最高法院、一般司法管辖权的审判法院和专门的法庭(如遗嘱检验法庭)。同时设有联邦法院系统,处理属於全国性的或不适於州法院审理的问题和案件。分为三级:第一级是美国最高法院,第二级是美国联邦上诉法院,第三级是美国联邦地方法院。此外还有审判军职人员或其他被控触犯军法人员的军事法庭。在过去,教会法庭也拥有极大的司法管辖权。
court
Official assembly with judicial authority to hear and determine disputes in particular cases. Judicial tribunals were originally enclosures (courts in an architectural sense) where the judges sat, while lawyers and the general public had to remain outside a bar (hence the term bar in legal contexts). Modern British courts are divided into those trying criminal cases and those trying civil cases; a second distinction is made between inferior courts, or courts of first instance, and superior courts, or courts of appeal. In the U.S., each state has its own comprehensive system of courts, usually consisting of a superior (appellate) court, trial courts of general jurisdiction, and specialized courts (e.g., probate courts). The U.S. also has a system of federal courts, established to adjudicate distinctively national questions and cases not appropriately tried in state courts. At the apex of the national system is the U.S. Supreme Court. The secondary level consists of the U.S. Courts of Appeals. U.S. District Courts form the tertiary level. Crimes committed by military figures may be tried in a court-martial, and in the past ecclesiastical courts also had broad jurisdiction. See also International Court of Justice, judiciary.
-
什么是电子计算机X射线断层成像
一种医学影像诊断技术。用X射线对人体投射,经检测器测定透射后的放射量,通过电子计算机处理,重建出人体断层图像,并作出诊断。简史1895年伦琴发现X射线后,X射线立即被应用于临床诊断。为了克服影像重叠的缺点,从1914年起,先后有人采用X射线管与胶片作同步反向运动的方...
-
什么是石膏
常用清热泻火药。始载于《神农本草经》。别名细理石、寒水石、软石膏。为硫酸盐类矿物硬石膏族石膏。石膏有软、硬石膏两种,中医中的石膏为软石膏。产地和性状石膏多产于海湾盐湖和内陆湖泊形成的沉积岩中,常与石灰岩、黏土、岩盐伴生。中国的主产地是湖北、安徽...
-
什么是皮内针
用于浅刺埋针的小型针具。因针仅刺入皮内,故名。按其形状可分为颗粒式、环式、揿钉式三种:(1)颗粒式。形似毫针,长7毫米或9毫米,针尾为金属颗粒,常用直径为0.22毫米或0.26毫米的金、银或不锈钢丝制成。(2)环式。针尾呈环状,长7毫米或9毫米,常用直径0.26毫米的不锈钢丝制成...
-
什么是熟地黄
常用补血药。别名熟地。始载于《本草图经》。为玄参科多年生草本植物地黄Rehmanniaglutinosa根经加黄酒拌蒸至内外色黑而油润,或直接蒸至黑润而成(图1)。因其色黄,质量下沉,蒸熟晒干入药,故名。产地和性状中国大部地区均有生产,主产于河南孟县、温县、武陟、博爱等...