什麼是羅馬法
羅馬共和國與羅馬帝國的法律。羅馬法對大多數西方文明的發展都有影響。它涵蓋了繼承權益、義務關係(包括契約)、財產(包括奴隸)和個人權益。大多數法律都是在主要由貴族家族主導的議會上通過的,雖然行政官的裁定也很重要。後來的皇帝們都越過這些形式而發佈他們自己的政令。法官的解釋也在法律上佔有份量。儘管作了各種嘗試來收集和簡化現有的法律(從十二銅表法開始),但至今最成功的是查士丁尼一世所做的努力,他的法典超越了所有以前的法律,成為羅馬帝國的法律遺產。羅馬的法律程序是現代民法國家中的程序基礎。在共和國早期,原告必須請被告上法庭,或用武力迫使他出庭。然後由行政官在陪審員(judex)或傑出人士(門外漢)面前決定是否要繼續審理該案件。陪審員傾聽辯護律師的論點,並向證人提問;他可作出決定,但無權執行。在共和國後期,行政官和法院有了更大的權力:由法院發出傳喚;只在一個行政官面前舉行審判;並由法院負責判決的執行。
Roman law
Law of the Roman republic and empire. Roman law has influenced the development of law in most of Western civilization. It dealt with matters of succession (or inheritance), obligations (including contracts), property (including slaves), and persons. Most laws were passed by assemblies dominated by the patrician families, though the rulings of magistrates were also important. Later emperors bypassed these forms and issued their own decrees. The interpretations of jurists also came to have the weight of law. Though various attempts were made to gather and simplify existing laws (beginning with the Twelve Tables), by far the most successful effort was that of Justinian I, whose code superseded all previous laws and formed the Roman Empire's legal legacy. Roman legal procedure is the basis for modern procedure in civil-law countries. In the early Republic, the plaintiff was required to call the defendant to court or bring him by force. A magistrate then decided whether the case should go before a judex, or prominent layman. The judex heard advocates give arguments and question witnesses; he made a decision but had no power to execute it. In the later Republic, much greater power was placed in the hands of the magistrates and courts: the summons was issued by the court, the trial was held only before a magistrate, and the court became responsible for the execution of the sentence.
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什麼是電子計算機X射線斷層成像
一種醫學影像診斷技術。用X射線對人體投射,經檢測器測定透射後的放射量,通過電子計算機處理,重建出人體斷層圖像,並作出診斷。簡史1895年倫琴發現X射線後,X射線立即被應用於臨牀診斷。為了克服影像重疊的缺點,從1914年起,先後有人採用X射線管與膠片作同步反向運動的方...
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什麼是石膏
常用清熱瀉火藥。始載於《神農本草經》。別名細理石、寒水石、軟石膏。為硫酸鹽類礦物硬石膏族石膏。石膏有軟、硬石膏兩種,中醫中的石膏為軟石膏。產地和性狀石膏多產於海灣鹽湖和內陸湖泊形成的沉積巖中,常與石灰巖、黏土、巖鹽伴生。中國的主產地是湖北、安徽...
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什麼是皮內針
用於淺刺埋針的小型針具。因針僅刺入皮內,故名。按其形狀可分為顆粒式、環式、撳釘式三種:(1)顆粒式。形似毫針,長7毫米或9毫米,針尾為金屬顆粒,常用直徑為0.22毫米或0.26毫米的金、銀或不鏽鋼絲製成。(2)環式。針尾呈環狀,長7毫米或9毫米,常用直徑0.26毫米的不鏽鋼絲製成...
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什麼是熟地黃
常用補血藥。別名熟地。始載於《本草圖經》。為玄蔘科多年生草本植物地黃Rehmanniaglutinosa根經加黃酒拌蒸至內外色黑而油潤,或直接蒸至黑潤而成(圖1)。因其色黃,質量下沉,蒸熟曬乾入藥,故名。產地和性狀中國大部地區均有生產,主產於河南孟縣、温縣、武陟、博愛等...