什麼是第一夫人
美國總統的妻子。雖然第一夫人的角色從未規定或正式定義過,但她卻在美國的政治和社會生活中扮演重要的角色。不論是在國內或國外,在官方或各種儀典場合中,她都代表着她的丈夫;由於可從第一夫人身上發現總統的想法與未來行動的線索,所以她受到許多關注。從開國之初,美國的總統夫人就扮演着一個公眾性的角色,但「第一夫人」這個稱謂一直到很後來才受到普遍的使用,大約是在19世紀末時。到了20世紀末期,這個稱號被其他語言吸收,也常(在不加翻譯的情況下)被用來稱呼該國領導者的妻子--即便這些國家的總統夫人鮮少受人注意,也較無影響力,不像美國的第一夫人那樣。雖然第一夫人不支薪也非民選,但她的顯着地位使其得以影響他人行止和觀點。有些第一夫人運用其影響力來影響某些重要議題的立法,例如禁酒改革、住宅改善以及婦女權益等。
first lady
Wife of the president of the United States. Although the first lady's role has never been codified or officially defined, she figures prominently in the country's political and social life. Representative of her husband on official and ceremonial occasions both at home and abroad, the first lady is closely watched for some hint of her husband's thinking and for a clue to his future actions. The wife of the president of the U.S. played a public role from the founding of the republic, but the title first lady did not come into general use until much later, near the end of the 19th century. By the end of the 20th century, the title had been absorbed into other languages and was often used, without translation, for the wife of the country's leader-even in countries where the leader's consort received far less attention and exerted much less influence than did her counterpart in the U.S. Although unpaid and unelected, her prominence provides her a platform from which to influence behavior and opinion, and some first ladies have used their influence to affect legislation on important matters such as temperance reform, housing improvement, and women's rights.
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什麼是維生素;維他命
飲食中所需的小量有機化合物,可以維持身體的正常代謝功能。當人們瞭解到維生素並非全是胺(亦即不是全部含氮)時,1911年所創的vitamine一詞即變為vitamin。許多維生素充當(或轉變為)輔。它們不提供能量,也不併入組織裏。水溶性維生素(維生素B複合體、維生素C)很快被身體...
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什麼是麥可傑克森
Jackson,Michael(Joseph)美國歌手和歌曲作者。生於印第安納州蓋瑞(Gary),九歲就成為父親所組的家族合唱團「傑克森五兄弟」(TheJacksonFive)的主唱。摩城唱片公司(Motown)幫他們出的熱門單曲有〈我要你回來〉(IWantYouBack)、〈ABC〉等。1970年代他們在自己的系列電視節...
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什麼是砷污染對健康的影響
元素砷的毒性極低,砷化合物則均有毒性,三價砷化合物比其他砷化合物毒性更強。中國明代傑出的醫藥學家李時珍在《本草綱目》中提到的砒霜(As2O3)就是一種毒性很強的三價砷化合物。砷在自然界中分佈很廣,在一般情況下,土壤、水、空氣、植物和人體都含有微量的砷,對人...
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什麼是戈巴契夫
Gorbachev,Mikhail(Sergeyevich)蘇聯官員及最後一任總統(1990~1991)。1955年獲國立莫斯科大學法學學位,1980年成為中央委員會政治局正式委員,1985年被推選為蘇聯共產黨總書記。戈巴契夫開始對蘇聯的經濟和政治制度實施改革,但他的開放政策(glasnost)和重建政策(perestro...