什麼是聖馬利諾
正式名稱聖馬利諾共和國(Republic of San Marino)
歐洲南部義大利半島中部國家。面積62平方公里。人口約27,200(2001)。首都︰聖馬利諾。人口大多是義大利人。語言︰義大利語(官方語)。宗教︰羅馬天主教。貨幣︰里拉(Lit)。其領土呈不規則長方形,最長13公里,有河川穿過,注入亞得里亞海。主要地形為蒂塔諾山(739公尺),首都聖馬利諾(人口約2,300)坐落於此,四周有三層圍牆。聖馬利諾的經濟以私人企業為基礎,包括旅遊業、商業、農業、手工業和精美的印刷品,尤其是郵票。政府形式為共和國,一院制。國家元首暨政府首腦為兩位攝政首領。
據傳,聖馬利諾於4世紀初由聖馬里納斯發現。12世紀時已發展成一個自治體,儘管鄰近的統治者,包括在義大利裏米尼附近的馬拉泰斯塔家族的侵犯,自治體始終仍能保持獨立。聖馬利諾作為義大利自治城邦的一處遺蹟,在文藝復興後倖存下來。1861年義大利成為一統一國家後,仍保持獨立共和國。聖馬利諾是世界上最小的共和國,可能是歐洲最古老的國家。
San Marino
Nation, central Italian Peninsula, southern Europe. It is located near the Adriatic Sea and is surrounded by Italy. Area: 24 sq mi (62 sq km). Population (1997 est.): 26,000. Capital: San Marino. Most of the people are Italian. Language: Italian (official). Religion: Roman Catholicism. Currency: Italian lira. The territory has an irregular rectangular form with a maximum length of 8 mi (13 km). It is crossed by streams that flow into the Adriatic Sea. It is dominated by Mount Titano, 2,424 ft (739 m) high, on which the capital, the town of San Marino (pop., 1992 est.: 2,300), is located, surrounded by triple walls. The economy is based on private enterprise and includes tourism, commerce, agriculture, crafts, and fine printing, particularly of postage stamps. It is a republic with one legislative house; its heads of state and government are two captains-regent. According to tradition, it was founded in the early 4th century AD by St. Marinus. By the 12th century it had developed into a commune and remained independent despite challenges from neighboring rulers, including the Malatesta family in nearby Rimini, Italy. San Marino survived the Renaissance as a relic of the self-governing Italian city-state and remained an independent republic after the unification of Italy in 1861. It is one of the smallest republics in the world, and may be the oldest one in Europe.
-
什麼是維生素;維他命
飲食中所需的小量有機化合物,可以維持身體的正常代謝功能。當人們瞭解到維生素並非全是胺(亦即不是全部含氮)時,1911年所創的vitamine一詞即變為vitamin。許多維生素充當(或轉變為)輔。它們不提供能量,也不併入組織裏。水溶性維生素(維生素B複合體、維生素C)很快被身體...
-
什麼是麥可傑克森
Jackson,Michael(Joseph)美國歌手和歌曲作者。生於印第安納州蓋瑞(Gary),九歲就成為父親所組的家族合唱團「傑克森五兄弟」(TheJacksonFive)的主唱。摩城唱片公司(Motown)幫他們出的熱門單曲有〈我要你回來〉(IWantYouBack)、〈ABC〉等。1970年代他們在自己的系列電視節...
-
什麼是砷污染對健康的影響
元素砷的毒性極低,砷化合物則均有毒性,三價砷化合物比其他砷化合物毒性更強。中國明代傑出的醫藥學家李時珍在《本草綱目》中提到的砒霜(As2O3)就是一種毒性很強的三價砷化合物。砷在自然界中分佈很廣,在一般情況下,土壤、水、空氣、植物和人體都含有微量的砷,對人...
-
什麼是戈巴契夫
Gorbachev,Mikhail(Sergeyevich)蘇聯官員及最後一任總統(1990~1991)。1955年獲國立莫斯科大學法學學位,1980年成為中央委員會政治局正式委員,1985年被推選為蘇聯共產黨總書記。戈巴契夫開始對蘇聯的經濟和政治制度實施改革,但他的開放政策(glasnost)和重建政策(perestro...