什麼是花園
栽培草本植物、水果、花卉、蔬菜或喬木的一塊土地。現存最早的花園細部計畫屬於埃及,可以追溯至西元前1400年,其中呈現出樹木成行的大道和長方形的水塘。美索不達米亞的花園是可以享受樹蔭和涼水的地方。希臘式花園在陳列貴重材料方面是極盡奢華的,這個傳統由拜占庭花園承接。伊斯蘭花園常在池中使用水,並由類似灌溉溝渠的狹窄水道供水。在文藝復興時期的歐洲,花園反映出人類有能力使外在世界保持井然有序的自信。義大利花園強調住宅與花園的統一。17世紀的法國花園是極講究對稱性的,而法國當時主導了歐洲文化使這種風格普及到下一個世紀。在18世紀的英國,因逐漸增進對自然世界的瞭解而導致「自然」花園的發展,其中使用不規則而不對稱的佈局。中國花園通常與自然景緻保持和諧,採用遠方採集來的巖石,作為共通的裝飾特徵。早期的日本花園仿照中國的原則,後來的發展是可能以沙子和巖石為主的抽象花園,還有在盤中做成的迷你花園。
garden
Plot of ground where herbs, fruits, flowers, vegetables, or trees are cultivated. The earliest surviving detailed garden plan is Egyptian and dates from about 1400 BC; it shows tree-lined avenues and rectangular ponds. Mesopotamian gardens were places where shade and cool water could be enjoyed; Hellenistic gardens were conspicuously luxurious in their display of precious materials, a tradition carried over by Byzantine gardens. Islamic gardens made use of water, often in pools and fed by narrow canals resembling irrigation channels. In Renaissance Europe, gardens reflected confidence in human ability to impose order on the external world; Italian gardens emphasized the unity of house and garden. French 17th-century gardens were rigidly symmetrical, and French cultural dominance in Europe popularized this style into the next century. In 18th-century England, increasing awareness of the natural world led to the development of “natural” gardens that made use of irregular, nonsymmetrical layouts. Chinese gardens have generally harmonized with the natural landscape, and have employed rocks gathered from great distances as a universal decorative feature. Early Japanese gardens imitated Chinese principles; later developments were the abstract garden, which might feature only sand and rocks, and miniature gardens made in trays (see bonsai).
-
什麼是電子計算機X射線斷層成像
一種醫學影像診斷技術。用X射線對人體投射,經檢測器測定透射後的放射量,通過電子計算機處理,重建出人體斷層圖像,並作出診斷。簡史1895年倫琴發現X射線後,X射線立即被應用於臨牀診斷。為了克服影像重疊的缺點,從1914年起,先後有人採用X射線管與膠片作同步反向運動的方...
-
什麼是石膏
常用清熱瀉火藥。始載於《神農本草經》。別名細理石、寒水石、軟石膏。為硫酸鹽類礦物硬石膏族石膏。石膏有軟、硬石膏兩種,中醫中的石膏為軟石膏。產地和性狀石膏多產於海灣鹽湖和內陸湖泊形成的沉積巖中,常與石灰巖、黏土、巖鹽伴生。中國的主產地是湖北、安徽...
-
什麼是皮內針
用於淺刺埋針的小型針具。因針僅刺入皮內,故名。按其形狀可分為顆粒式、環式、撳釘式三種:(1)顆粒式。形似毫針,長7毫米或9毫米,針尾為金屬顆粒,常用直徑為0.22毫米或0.26毫米的金、銀或不鏽鋼絲製成。(2)環式。針尾呈環狀,長7毫米或9毫米,常用直徑0.26毫米的不鏽鋼絲製成...
-
什麼是熟地黃
常用補血藥。別名熟地。始載於《本草圖經》。為玄蔘科多年生草本植物地黃Rehmanniaglutinosa根經加黃酒拌蒸至內外色黑而油潤,或直接蒸至黑潤而成(圖1)。因其色黃,質量下沉,蒸熟曬乾入藥,故名。產地和性狀中國大部地區均有生產,主產於河南孟縣、温縣、武陟、博愛等...