什麼是概念藝術
所有賦予藝術作品的觀念比完成的成品更重要的各種藝術形式。杜象從1910年前後就開始探索此一理論,但這個名詞到1950年代晚期才由金霍茲所發明。在1960年代和1970年代,概念藝術成為國際間的主要潮流;倡導的先鋒是李維特(Sol LeWitt, 1928~)和柯舒斯(Joseph Kosuth, 1945~)。擁護它的人激進地重新界定藝術的對象、材料與技巧,並且開始質疑藝術本身的存在與功用。概念藝術的主張是,「真正」的藝術作品不是藝術家為了展覽與出售而創作的物質實體,藝術品其實是由「概念」或「觀念」所構成。典型的概念藝術作品是涵蓋照片、文字、地圖、圖表和圖文的結合,藝術家審慎地將視覺上無趣或細瑣的事物加以轉化,將注意力導向他們所表達的「觀念」。概念藝術的呈現向來極度紛歧;有名的範例是柯舒斯的《椅子》(One and Three Chairs, 1965),這件作品結合真實的椅子、椅子的照片和一則字典中「椅子」的定義。概念藝術植根於許多20世紀後期的藝術創作。
conceptual art
Any of various art forms in which the idea for a work of art is considered more important than the finished product. The theory was explored by Marcel Duchamp from c. 1910, but the term was only coined in the late 1950s by Edward Kienholz. In the 1960s and '70s it became a major international movement; its leading exponents were Sol LeWitt (born 1928) and Joseph Kosuth (born 1945). Its adherents radically redefined art objects, materials, and techniques, and began questioning the very existence and use of art. Its claim is that the "true" work of art is not a physical object produced by the artist for exhibition or sale, but rather consists of "concepts" or "ideas". Typical conceptual works include photographs, texts, maps, graphs, and image-text combinations that are deliberately rendered visually uninteresting or trivial in order to divert attention to the "ideas" they express. Its manifestations have been extremely diverse; a well-known example is Kosuth's One and Three Chairs (1965), which combines a real chair, a photograph of a chair, and a dictionary definition of "chair". Conceptual art was fundamental to much of the art produced in the late 20th century.
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什麼是電子計算機X射線斷層成像
一種醫學影像診斷技術。用X射線對人體投射,經檢測器測定透射後的放射量,通過電子計算機處理,重建出人體斷層圖像,並作出診斷。簡史1895年倫琴發現X射線後,X射線立即被應用於臨牀診斷。為了克服影像重疊的缺點,從1914年起,先後有人採用X射線管與膠片作同步反向運動的方...
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什麼是石膏
常用清熱瀉火藥。始載於《神農本草經》。別名細理石、寒水石、軟石膏。為硫酸鹽類礦物硬石膏族石膏。石膏有軟、硬石膏兩種,中醫中的石膏為軟石膏。產地和性狀石膏多產於海灣鹽湖和內陸湖泊形成的沉積巖中,常與石灰巖、黏土、巖鹽伴生。中國的主產地是湖北、安徽...
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什麼是皮內針
用於淺刺埋針的小型針具。因針僅刺入皮內,故名。按其形狀可分為顆粒式、環式、撳釘式三種:(1)顆粒式。形似毫針,長7毫米或9毫米,針尾為金屬顆粒,常用直徑為0.22毫米或0.26毫米的金、銀或不鏽鋼絲製成。(2)環式。針尾呈環狀,長7毫米或9毫米,常用直徑0.26毫米的不鏽鋼絲製成...
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什麼是熟地黃
常用補血藥。別名熟地。始載於《本草圖經》。為玄蔘科多年生草本植物地黃Rehmanniaglutinosa根經加黃酒拌蒸至內外色黑而油潤,或直接蒸至黑潤而成(圖1)。因其色黃,質量下沉,蒸熟曬乾入藥,故名。產地和性狀中國大部地區均有生產,主產於河南孟縣、温縣、武陟、博愛等...