什麼是形上學
哲學的分支,其目的在於確定事物的真實本質,確定存在物的意義、結構和原理。在西方哲學史上,對形上學有四種看法:一、是對存在物(如精神和物質)的探求;二、是一種「實在」的科學,與「表象」相反;三、是對世界整體的研究;四、是第一原理(或本體)的理論。形上學的字面意義是「物理學之後」,曾被用於指亞里斯多德着作中亞里斯多德自稱的「第一哲學」那部分。亞里斯多德已為哲學家區分了兩種任務:研究自然界以及存在於自然界和理性世界的特性,以及探求「存在」以及不動的物質、「不動的行動者」的特點。前一條組成「第二哲學」,主要在他的《物理學》中論述;第二條也叫做「神學」(因為上帝是不動的行動者),在其着作《形上學》中有論述。
metaphysics
Branch of philosophy whose object is to determine the real nature of things, to determine the meaning, structure, and principles of whatever is insofar as it is. In the history of Western philosophy, metaphysics has been understood as: (1) an inquiry into what sorts or basic kinds of things (e.g., the mental and the physical) exist; (2) the science of reality, as opposed to appearance; (3) the study of the world as a whole; and (4) a theory of first principles. The term means literally “what comes after physics,” and was used to refer to the contents of Aristotle's treatise on what he himself called “first philosophy.” Aristotle had distinguished two tasks for the philosopher: to investigate the nature and properties of what exists in the natural, or sensible, world, and to explore the characteristics of “being as such” and inquire into the character of “the substance that is free from movement,” the unmoved mover. The first constituted “second philosophy” and was carried out primarily in his Physics; the second, which he also called “theology” (because God was the unmoved mover), is discussed in his Metaphysics.
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什麼是時行感冒
感受時行病毒所引起的急性呼吸道傳染性疾病。西醫學稱為流行性感冒。全身症狀明顯,臨牀以突然惡寒、發熱、頭痛、全身痠痛為主要特徵。一年四季均可發生,冬春兩季較為多見。起病急驟,傳播迅速,傳染性強,常可引起大流行。時行感冒的病因多與氣候突變、寒温失常有關,如...
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什麼是石膏
常用清熱瀉火藥。始載於《神農本草經》。別名細理石、寒水石、軟石膏。為硫酸鹽類礦物硬石膏族石膏。石膏有軟、硬石膏兩種,中醫中的石膏為軟石膏。產地和性狀石膏多產於海灣鹽湖和內陸湖泊形成的沉積巖中,常與石灰巖、黏土、巖鹽伴生。中國的主產地是湖北、安徽...
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什麼是捏積
以手捏拿患者背部脊中線的推拿方法。又稱捏脊。多用於治療小兒疳積等病證。晉代葛洪《肘後方·治卒腹痛方》載“拈取其脊骨皮,深取痛引之,從龜尾至頂乃止,未愈更為之。”此是捏脊療法的最早文字記載。此法在歷代推拿著作中記述不多,但因其方法簡便,效果顯著,在民間廣...
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什麼是輸液
將用於治療、搶救和營養的液體輸入體內的醫療措施。輸入途徑有靜脈滴入和皮下滴入。靜脈滴入包括靜脈注射點滴、靜脈切開點滴和靜脈穿刺置入並保留導管點滴。靜脈注射點滴的常用部位是肘部和腕部靜脈和踝部大隱靜脈,小兒常用頭皮靜脈及手或足背淺靜脈。靜脈切開...