什么是劳合乔治
Lloyd George, David,亦称Earl Lloyd-George of Dwyfor。
英国首相(1916~1922)。出生於曼彻斯特,父母为威尔斯人,後来在威尔斯长大。1890年进入议会,代表自由党,此後保持议席五十五年。1905~1908年担任商务大臣,1908~1915年任财政大臣。1909年提出争议性的「人民预算」(为社会改革而提高税收),结果为上院所驳回,导致宪法危机,後来通过「1911年议会法」。同年又提出「国民保险法」,为英国的福利国家政策奠定了基础。1915~1916年任军需大臣,运用非正统的方式确保战时物资供应无缺。1916年取代阿斯奎斯担任首相,在保守党的支持下组成联合内阁。他组成小型战时内阁,期能尽速作出决策。由於英国最高指挥者之间的彼此不信任,他常与黑格将军意见不合。1918年战争胜利,他的联合内阁继续执政,自由党进一步分裂了。他是在巴黎和会上签署「凡尔赛和约」的三个大政治家之一。他开始以谈判方式解决爱尔兰问题,最终在1921年达成「英爱条约」。1922年辞职,1926~1931年担任已经式微的自由党党魁。
1863~1945年
Lloyd George, David
British prime minister (1916-22). Born in Manchester to Welsh parents, he was raised in Wales. He entered Parliament in 1890 as a Liberal and retained his seat for 55 years. He served as president of the Board of Trade 1905-8, then as chancellor of the exchequer 1908-15. Rejection of his controversial “People's Budget” (to raise taxes for social programs) in 1909 by the House of Lords led to a constitutional crisis and passage of the Parliament Act of 1911. He devised the National Insurance Act of 1911, which laid the foundation of the British welfare state. As minister of munitions (1915-16), he used unorthodox methods to ensure that war supplies were forthcoming. He replaced H. H. Asquith as prime minister in 1916, with Conservative support in his coalition government. His small war cabinet ensured speedy decisions. Distrustful of the competence of the British high command, he was constantly at odds with Gen. Douglas Haig. In the 1918 elections his decision to continue a coalition government further split the Liberals. He was one of the three great statesmen responsible for the Treaty of Versailles at the Paris Peace Conference. He began the negotiations that culminated in the Anglo-Irish treaty of 1921. He resigned in 1922 and headed an ailing Liberal Party 1926-31.
-
什么是神农本草经
现存最早的中药经典著作。又称《神农本草》,简称《本草经》、《本经》。撰者托名神农。最先著录于梁代阮孝绪《七录》。成书年代有先秦、两汉、六朝诸说。现一般认为其主体约形成于西汉,又经东汉医药学家修润增补。梁代陶弘景曾予整理。原书唐初已散失,现存者多为...
-
什么是合成抗菌药
用化学合成方法制成的抗菌药物。主要包括磺胺类(见磺胺类药)、喹诺酮类、呋喃类等。喹诺酮类有别于磺胺和抗生素的一类抗菌药物,其化学结构中均有4-吡啶酮-3羧酸(见图)。这类药物的特点是:抗菌活性强;细菌对这类药物和其他类抗生素之间无交叉耐药性;对质粒介导的耐药...
-
什么是免疫性疾病
免疫调节失去平衡影响机体的免疫应答而引起的临床病态;广义的免疫性疾病还包括先天或后天性的原因导致的免疫系统结构上或功能上的异常。临床上常见。分类免疫性疾病可从不同的角度分类。常按免疫功能分为免疫缺陷、免疫增多和变态反应三方面的疾病;按发生时间分...
-
什么是风热犯肺证
风热侵袭于肺而致肺失清肃所造成,临床以咳嗽、痰稠色黄与风热表证共见为主要表现的证候。常见于感冒、咳嗽、哮喘、失音,以及西医的急慢性支气管炎等疾病。风热之邪侵袭肺卫,影响肺主宣发肃降的生理功能,即可导致风热犯肺证。肺主气,司呼吸,开窍于鼻,外合于皮毛,肺叶娇...