什么是启蒙运动
17和18世纪欧洲的一次思想运动,它把上帝、理性、自然、人类等各种概念综合为一种世界观,得到广泛赞同,由此引起艺术、哲学及政治等方面的各种革命性的发展变化。启蒙运动的思想重点是对理性的运用和赞扬。对启蒙运动的思想家来说,一般承认的权威,无论是在科学或宗教方面,都要置於独立自由的心智的深入探查之下。在科学和数学方面,逻辑归纳法和演绎法的应用,使一种崭新的宇宙论点产生成为可能。为寻求合於理性的宗教而促使自然神论的产生;还有更为激进的理性运用的结果,如︰怀疑论、无神论和唯物论(materialism)。启蒙运动产生了心理学和伦理学上第一批非宗教化现代理论,由洛克、霍布斯(Thomas Hobbes)等人提出,这些观点导致各种激进的政治学说的产生。洛克、边沁、卢梭、孟德斯鸠(Montesquieu)、伏尔泰和杰佛逊都对独断专行的国家体制作过顺乎潮流的批判,并根据天赋人权和政治民主构拟出一种更高级的社会组织形式。启蒙运动所留下来最有价值的遗产是︰人类历史是一部人类普遍进步的纪录这样一种信念。
Enlightenment
European intellectual movement of the 17th-18th century in which ideas concerning God, reason, nature, and man were blended into a worldview that inspired revolutionary developments in art, philosophy, and politics. Central to Enlightenment thought were the use and celebration of reason. For Enlightenment thinkers, received authority, whether in science or religion, was to be subject to the investigation of unfettered minds. In the sciences and mathematics, the logics of induction and deduction made possible the creation of a sweeping new cosmology. The search for a rational religion led to Deism; the more radical products of the application of reason to religion were skepticism, atheism, and materialism. The Enlightenment produced modern secularized theories of psychology and ethics by men such as John Locke and Thomas Hobbes, and it also gave rise to radical political theories. Locke, Jeremy Bentham, J.-J. Rousseau, Montesquieu, Voltaire, and Thomas Jefferson all contributed to an evolving critique of the authoritarian state and to sketching the outline of a higher form of social organization based on natural rights. One of the Enlightenment's enduring legacies is the belief that human history is a record of general progress.
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什么是电子计算机X射线断层成像
一种医学影像诊断技术。用X射线对人体投射,经检测器测定透射后的放射量,通过电子计算机处理,重建出人体断层图像,并作出诊断。简史1895年伦琴发现X射线后,X射线立即被应用于临床诊断。为了克服影像重叠的缺点,从1914年起,先后有人采用X射线管与胶片作同步反向运动的方...
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什么是石膏
常用清热泻火药。始载于《神农本草经》。别名细理石、寒水石、软石膏。为硫酸盐类矿物硬石膏族石膏。石膏有软、硬石膏两种,中医中的石膏为软石膏。产地和性状石膏多产于海湾盐湖和内陆湖泊形成的沉积岩中,常与石灰岩、黏土、岩盐伴生。中国的主产地是湖北、安徽...
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什么是皮内针
用于浅刺埋针的小型针具。因针仅刺入皮内,故名。按其形状可分为颗粒式、环式、揿钉式三种:(1)颗粒式。形似毫针,长7毫米或9毫米,针尾为金属颗粒,常用直径为0.22毫米或0.26毫米的金、银或不锈钢丝制成。(2)环式。针尾呈环状,长7毫米或9毫米,常用直径0.26毫米的不锈钢丝制成...
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什么是熟地黄
常用补血药。别名熟地。始载于《本草图经》。为玄参科多年生草本植物地黄Rehmanniaglutinosa根经加黄酒拌蒸至内外色黑而油润,或直接蒸至黑润而成(图1)。因其色黄,质量下沉,蒸熟晒干入药,故名。产地和性状中国大部地区均有生产,主产于河南孟县、温县、武陟、博爱等...